“…The peak at 2θ = 20° is attributed to the parallel-chain-segment aggregate region, which confirms the bio-composite semi-crystalline nature [ 44 ]. The region of 2θ = 28° also relates to the occurred disturbance in the cellulose at the time of the acetylation process, which can cause breakage in the micro-fibrillar structure of the cellulose [ 45 , 46 ]. However, the bio-composite samples with 10% and 15% fenugreek show no peaks, confirming the amorphous structure of the synthesized bio-composite samples.…”
The present study show the usability of starch (tamarind) based-bio-composite film reinforced by fenugreek by various percentages to replace the traditional petrochemical plastics. The prepared bio-composite films were systematically characterized using the universal testing machine (UTM), soil degradation, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and antibacterial tests. The experiments showed that a lower percentage of fenugreek improves biodegradation and mechanical strength. More than 60% of biodegradation occurred in only 30 days. Almost 3 N/mm2 tensile strength and 6.5% tensile strain were obtained. The presence of micropores confirmed by SEM images may accelerate the biodegradation process. Antibacterial activity was observed with two samples of synthesized bio-composite, due to photoactive compounds confirmed by FTIR spectra. The glass transition temperature was shown to be higher than the room temperature, with the help of thermal analysis. The prepared bio-composite containing 5% and 10% fenugreek showed antibacterial activities.
“…The peak at 2θ = 20° is attributed to the parallel-chain-segment aggregate region, which confirms the bio-composite semi-crystalline nature [ 44 ]. The region of 2θ = 28° also relates to the occurred disturbance in the cellulose at the time of the acetylation process, which can cause breakage in the micro-fibrillar structure of the cellulose [ 45 , 46 ]. However, the bio-composite samples with 10% and 15% fenugreek show no peaks, confirming the amorphous structure of the synthesized bio-composite samples.…”
The present study show the usability of starch (tamarind) based-bio-composite film reinforced by fenugreek by various percentages to replace the traditional petrochemical plastics. The prepared bio-composite films were systematically characterized using the universal testing machine (UTM), soil degradation, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and antibacterial tests. The experiments showed that a lower percentage of fenugreek improves biodegradation and mechanical strength. More than 60% of biodegradation occurred in only 30 days. Almost 3 N/mm2 tensile strength and 6.5% tensile strain were obtained. The presence of micropores confirmed by SEM images may accelerate the biodegradation process. Antibacterial activity was observed with two samples of synthesized bio-composite, due to photoactive compounds confirmed by FTIR spectra. The glass transition temperature was shown to be higher than the room temperature, with the help of thermal analysis. The prepared bio-composite containing 5% and 10% fenugreek showed antibacterial activities.
“…However, there is a decrease in the tensile strength value from samples 7 to 8. Previous studies reported that the maximum tensile strength of 5 N/mm 2 was obtained with 8% vinegar of the total volume of the matrix [22]. Amin et al [23] analyzed the properties of bioplastics synthesized using 30 mL white vinegar as a solvent and compatibilizer, which showed a maximum tensile strength value of 3.95 N/mm 2 , and elongation reaching 88.1%.…”
Gambas (Luffa acutangula) plants contain a relatively high carbohydrate of 68.2%, whereas its peel contains 38.94% of carbohydrates and 20.6% of fibers. Gambas peels are rarely utilized and are typically discarded as food waste. Silica can be used as a filler and reinforcement material to improve the physical and mechanical properties. This study discussed synthesizing and characterizing bioplastics from Gambas peel reinforced by silica using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a plasticizer with a mass of 8 g and 9 g and vinegar as a compatibilizer with volumes of 7 mL and 8 mL. The gelatinization temperature was adjusted at 85°C and 95°C. The synthesized bioplastics have improved mechanical characteristics due to the addition of PVA. The addition of vinegar as a compatibilizer revealed a homogenous mixture in surface morphological analysis. The highest performance of bioplastic samples was obtained from sample 7 with 8 mL vinegar, 9 g of PVA, and at 85°C of gelatinization temperature. The results showed that the maximum tensile strength reached 0.034 N/mm2, the elongation was 225%, the value of Young’s modulus was 0.015 N/mm2, the thermal stability reached 74.34% weight loss by heating up to 400°C, and the melting temperature reached at 220°C, the absorption of water was 37.61%, and the weight loss was 20.3% after ten days of soil burial.
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