Biodegradable microparticles for oral immunization

Enhancement of immune response of HBsAg loaded poly (L-lactic acid) microspheres against Hepatitis B through incorporation of alum and chitosan

“…The main problems that have been faced are antigen degradation during processing, low protein loading in the microspheres and generation of relatively weak immune responses. The incorporation of adjuvants to enhance immune responses has been investigated and a number of immunostimulatory adjuvants evaluated (O'Hagan et al 1993b;Diwan et al 2001;Raghuvanshi et al 2002;Tobio et al 2002;Bramwell et al 2003;Moschos et al 2006). Aluminium hydroxide (alum) has been widely used as an adjuvant and is in use currently an adjuvant in many human vaccine formulations (Iyer et al 2004;Moschos et al 2006).…”

Immunogenicity of Peanut Proteins Containing Poly(Anhydride) Nanoparticles

“…Also, NPs offer a controlled release platform that provides an adequate supply of the loaded compound to its site of absorption or action (32). Simultaneously, advantage is taken of the inherent inclination of particles to be naturally captured by mucosal antigen-presenting cells as part of their duty as sentinels in triggering of mucosal immunity against pathogens (33)(34)(35). In particular, nanoparticulate systems made by the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride (PVM/MA) have demonstrated their efficacy as adjuvants to induce T H 1 immune responses (15,16,24).…”

Absorbable Gels for Modulated Bioavailability of Vaccines. Phase I

“…In both routes of administration, booster doses are required to develop sufficient immune response and achieve prolonged immunity. However, it has been demonstrated by a number of investigators that the use of a single dose injection of vaccine in controlled release systems is more efficacious than the traditional multidose of injectable, aqueous vaccine solutions (Edelman et al, 1993;Eldrige et al, 1990;O'Hagan et al, 1993;Wise et al, 1987;Yan et al, 1995b). Meanwhile, Bowersock et al (1994), in their study of the oral vaccination of cattle, made a strong argument for the advantages of using a controlled delivery system over traditional parenteral administration.…”

“…Most pertinent to the proposed program is the use of biodegradable matrices for the controlled release of vaccines (Edelman et al, 1993;O'Hagan et al, 1993;Eldrige et al, 1990;Wise et al, 1987;Yan et al, 1995a). More specifically, microspheres made of lactide/glycolide copolymers were used for the controlled release of (1) orally administered vaccine, targeted to the Peyer's patches (Eldrige, 1990), and (2) ricin toxoid vaccine as injectable formulations (Yan et al, 1995a & b).…”