“…In recent years, swift development in triboelectric nanogenerator-based sensors has been witnessed. Owing to good cost-efficiency, structural easiness, and compact size, they are widely studied in monitoring physical parameters including temperature, − velocity, , displacement, , and pressure. , These studies also involve monitoring the physical status of the liquid-phase substances. Relevant studies are primarily performed with liquid–solid contact separation mode triboelectric nanogenerators. − They can be categorized based on various application purposes, such as monitoring liquid droplets, , monitoring flows, monitoring waves, and monitoring liquid levels. − For instance, Zeng et al proposed a raindrop sensor using a liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerator to detect rainfall information.…”