Biodegradable and Renal Clearable Inorganic Nanoparticles

Abstract

Personalized treatment plans for cancer therapy have been at the forefront of oncology research for many years. With the advent of many novel nanoplatforms, this goal is closer to realization today than ever before. Inorganic nanoparticles hold immense potential in the field of nano‐oncology, but have considerable toxicity concerns that have limited their translation to date. In this review, an overview of emerging biologically safe inorganic nanoplatforms is provided, along with considerations of the challenges that need to be overcome for cancer theranostics with inorganic nanoparticles to become a reality. The clinical and preclinical studies of both biodegradable and renal clearable inorganic nanoparticles are discussed, along with their implications.

Engineering of inorganic nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

“…215 Future studies should focus on the specific interaction between MRI contrast performance of CAs and EPR effect to develop a clinically relevant and useful strategy for obtaining high-relaxivity NPs with an optimal balance between renal clearance and strong EPR effects over a suitable time scale ( e.g ., less than a few hours). 216 The hypoxic microenvironment in various tumors has received tremendous attention from researchers because it is closely related to the tumor’s aggressiveness and resistance to therapy, 217,218 and a number of NPs have been used to effectively eradicate hypoxic tumors in preclinical animal models. 219-222 Although in this review article we have discussed various strategies based on NPs for efficient MRI, there has been no literature report on hypoxia-responsive NPs as MRI CAs except on several chemical complexes for hypoxia-related MRI such as T 1 or T 2 CAs, 223 19 F-based probes, 224 and CEST probes.…”

Fullerene/photosensitizer nanovesicles as highly efficient and clearable phototheranostics with enhanced tumor accumulation for cancer therapy

“…The average FL intensity of FCNVs accumulated in the tumor and organs areas quickly increases within 1-4 h post-injection, and decreases at 24 h. At 20 days post-injection, the FL decreases to undetectable level, which may excrete through the feces and urine due to their preferential accumulation in liver and kidney. 24,74 In constrast, the ex vivo FL intensity of mice injected with free Ce6 mainly accumulated in liver and kidneys, and only a little accumulated in tumor site ( Fig. 5c and Fig.…”

Biodegradable Magnetic Silica@Iron Oxide Nanovectors with Ultra-Large Mesopores for High Protein Loading, Magnetothermal Release, and Delivery

“…As a result, large biodegradable particles which can be degraded into sub-10 nm fragments such as calcium phosphate and organosilica NPs as well as renalclearable NPs such as quantum dots have attracted increasing attention in recent years. [1] Some nanomaterials successfully reached human clinical trials such as liposomes [18] and silica C dots. [19] The delivery of large proteins is required for the treatment of several pathologies and yet remains a persistent challenge in nanotechnology.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The absence of particle biodegradability prevents almost always the approval of the food and drug administration (FDA) and other regulatory agencies to enter the pharmaceutical market. Non-degradable nanomaterials are indeed raising concerns of toxicity due to their uncontrolled bio-accumulation.…”