Bioconversion to chitosan: A two stage process employing chitin deacetylase from Penicillium oxalicum SAEM-51

Pareek, Nidhi; Vivekanand, Vivekanand; Agarwal, Pragati; Saroj, Samta; Singh, Rajesh

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.005

Cited by 35 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Overall, the crystallinity index of chitin was higher than that of chitosan, in which a lower crystallinity of polysaccharides indicates disruption of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds. The higher crystalline index of chitin reflected: its higher degree of crystallinity and its more ordered structure and the lower crystallinity of chitosan indicated disruption of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds [35]. These results were also lower than those obtained for chitin (45.60%) and chitosan (23.82%) from the crustacean standard (data not shown).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Green Conversion of Agroindustrial Wastes into Chitin and Chitosan by Rhizopus arrhizus and Cunninghamella elegans Strains

Berger

Stamford

Stamford–Arnaud

et al. 2014

IJMS

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This article sets out a method for producing chitin and chitosan by Cunninghamella elegans and Rhizopus arrhizus strains using a green metabolic conversion of agroindustrial wastes (corn steep liquor and molasses). The physicochemical characteristics of the biopolymers and antimicrobial activity are described. Chitin and chitosan were extracted by alkali-acid treatment, and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, viscosity and X-ray diffraction. The effectiveness of chitosan from C. elegans and R. arrhizus in inhibiting the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica were evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). The highest production of biomass (24.60 g/L), chitin (83.20 mg/g) and chitosan (49.31 mg/g) was obtained by R. arrhizus. Chitin and chitosan from both fungi showed a similar degree of deacetylation, respectively of 25% and 82%, crystallinity indices of 33.80% and 32.80% for chitin, and 20.30% and 17.80% for chitosan. Both chitin and chitosan presented similar viscosimetry of 3.79–3.40 cP and low molecular weight of 5.08 × 103 and 4.68 × 103 g/mol. They both showed identical MIC and MBC for all bacteria assayed. These results suggest that: agricultural wastes can be produced in an environmentally friendly way; chitin and chitosan can be produced economically; and that chitosan has antimicrobial potential against pathogenic bacteria.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Green Conversion of Agroindustrial Wastes into Chitin and Chitosan by Rhizopus arrhizus and Cunninghamella elegans Strains

Berger

Stamford

Stamford–Arnaud

et al. 2014

IJMS

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“…The results are supported by the literature [26,37], in which the crystallinity indices of chitin obtained from Cunninghamella elegans biomass in trial 2 (35.80%) and of commercial chitin (45.63%) were higher than the chitosan from C. elegans biomass in trial 2 (21.17%) and commercial chitosan (23.82%). The higher crystalline index of chitin reflected its higher degree of crystallinity and a more ordered structure [43]. This crystallinity is reinforced by the prominent arranged microfibrillar crystalline structure of chitin in SEM (Figure 6A,B).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Corn Steep Liquor (CSL) and Cassava Wastewater (CW) on Chitin and Chitosan Production by Cunninghamella elegans and Their Physicochemical Characteristics and Cytotoxicity

et al. 2014

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Microbiological processes were used for chitin and chitosan production with Cunninghamella elegans UCP/WFCC 0542 grown in different concentrations of two agro-industrial wastes, corn steep liquor (CSL) and cassava wastewater (CW) established using a 2 2 full factorial design. The polysaccharides were extracted by alkali-acid treatment and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, viscosity, thermal analysis, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxicity of chitosan was evaluated for signs of vascular change on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken eggs. The highest biomass (9.93 g/L) was obtained in trial 3 (5% CW, 8% CSL), the greatest chitin and chitosan yields were 89.39 mg/g and 57.82 mg/g, respectively, and both were OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2014, 19 2772 obtained in trial 2 (10% CW, 4% CSL). Chitin and chitosan showed a degree of deacetylation of 40.98% and 88.24%, and a crystalline index of 35.80% and 23.82%, respectively, and chitosan showed low molecular weight (LMW 5.2 × 10 3 Da). Chitin and chitosan can be considered non-irritating, due to the fact they do not promote vascular change. It was demonstrated that CSL and CW are effective renewable agroindustrial alternative substrates for the production of chitin and chitosan.

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“…The main disadvantage of the enzymatic method is that the enzyme preparations are not able to efficiently deacetylate native chitin substrates. Pareek et al (2013) proved that the efficiency of enzymatic deacetylation is strictly dependent on the method of pre-treatment of the substrate. Depending on the form of substrate preparation, they obtained a degree of deacetylation of the product in the range from 62 to 79%.…”

Section: Chitin and Chitosan Production Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides

Kaczmarek

Struszczyk‐Świta

et al. 2019

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

265

157

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Chitin and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan are two biological polymers that have found numerous applications in recent years, but their further deployment suffers from limitations in obtaining a defined structure of the polymers using traditional conversion methods. The disadvantages of the currently used industrial methods of chitosan manufacturing and the increasing demand for a broad range of novel chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) with a fully defined architecture increase interest in chitin and chitosan-modifying enzymes. Enzymes such as chitinases, chitosanases, chitin deacetylases, and recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases had attracted considerable interest in recent years. These proteins are already useful tools toward the biotechnological transformation of chitin into chitosan and chitooligosaccharides, especially when a controlled non-degradative and well-defined process is required. This review describes traditional and novel enzymatic methods of modification of chitin and its derivatives. Recent advances in chitin processing, discovery of increasing number of new, well-characterized enzymes and development of genetic engineering methods result in rapid expansion of the field. Enzymatic modification of chitin and chitosan may soon become competitive to conventional conversion methods.

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Bioconversion to chitosan: A two stage process employing chitin deacetylase from Penicillium oxalicum SAEM-51

Cited by 35 publications

References 29 publications

Green Conversion of Agroindustrial Wastes into Chitin and Chitosan by Rhizopus arrhizus and Cunninghamella elegans Strains

Green Conversion of Agroindustrial Wastes into Chitin and Chitosan by Rhizopus arrhizus and Cunninghamella elegans Strains

Effect of Corn Steep Liquor (CSL) and Cassava Wastewater (CW) on Chitin and Chitosan Production by Cunninghamella elegans and Their Physicochemical Characteristics and Cytotoxicity

Enzymatic Modifications of Chitin, Chitosan, and Chitooligosaccharides

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