“…The concept of hormesis is not new (Stebbing, 1982); however, antimicrobial-induced hormesis has become a new avenue of research (Yim et al, 2007; Mathieu et al, 2016; Okada and Seyedsayamdost, 2017). Different concentrations of antimicrobial compounds may result in various ecologically significant hormetic effects (Stebbing, 1982; Calabrese, 2005; Davies et al, 2006) influencing the expression of genes potentially involved in elevated virulence in pathogenic Bacteria (Davies, 2006; Linares et al, 2006; Mathieu et al, 2016; Arseneault and Filion, 2017; Dersch et al, 2017) increased biofilm formation (Hoffman et al, 2005; Ranieri et al, 2018) and mutation frequency (Gillespie et al, 2005; Henderson-Begg et al, 2006), stimulation bacterial adhesion (Fitzpatrick et al, 2002), and enhanced gene transfer (Wang et al, 2005). Diverse classes of antimicrobials have been analyzed to determine their effects on bacterial physiology.…”