Biocompatible poly(N-(ω-acryloyloxy-n-alkyl)-2-pyrrolidone)s with widely-tunable lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs): a promising alternative to poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

Abstract

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM) is one of the most commonly used thermo-responsive polymers. PNIPAM has a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of approximately 32 °C, which is close to the temperature of the...

An improved multiphase SPH algorithm with kernel gradient correction for modelling fuel–coolant interaction

“…Figure 13 shows the local magnified image at 0.57 s. The three hydraulic phenomena which are mentioned lead to the fragmentation which occurred simultaneously at that moment. They are in agreement with the discussion given by Nishimura et al (2010) in form of a jet penetrating a surrounding fluid. Gray sodium particles are also shown in the magnified image included in Figure 13.…”

“…Gabor et al (1988) performed experiments by pouring molten metallic fuel and its alloy in quantities of kilogram into a sodium pool and focused on breakup behaviors. In most of the later experiments, as core materials are not readily available, materials with physical properties similar to fuel, such as copper, were often used as substitutes (Schins and Gunnerson, 1986;Nishimura et al, 2007;Nishimura et al, 2010;Zhang and Sugiyama, 2012). The fragmentation mechanisms are usually inferred based on the size and morphology of the solid fragments.…”

“…The fragmentation mechanisms are usually inferred based on the size and morphology of the solid fragments. Nishimura et al (2010) carried out the FCI experiment in the form of a single molten copper jet penetrating into a sodium pool and analyzed the fragmentation characteristics from hydraulic and thermal perspectives. The processes of a single molten copper droplet (Nishimura et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2009;Zhang and Sugiyama, 2010;Zhang and Sugiyama, 2012) and continuous copper droplets (Yang et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2019) interacting with liquid sodium have also been studied, and a thermal fragmentation mechanism of sodium entrainment was proposed and fragmentation due to a sodium microjet was presented.…”

A green solvent-to-polymer upgrading approach to water-soluble LCST poly(N-substituted lactamide acrylate)s

“…8,10 This results in a phase separation at a cloud point (T cp ) associated with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) because of unfavorable entropy changes. Typical examples of watersoluble polymers with remarkable performance with regard to their LCST behavior are poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) [poly (NIPAM)], 11 poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) (meth)acrylate]s, 12 N-alkyl-substituted poly[aminoethyl (meth)acrylate]s, 13 poly (meth)-acrylates bearing an amide functionality, 14,15 and N-substituted poly(meth)acrylamides, 16 which are attainable via reversible deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRP). 17,18 However, the thermo-responsive polymers mentioned above are based on non-renewable resources and more attractive counterparts from the standpoint of being biobased have been relatively underexplored and mostly limited to amino acidderived polymers.…”

Biocompatible thermoresponsive N-isopropyl-N-(3-(isopropylamino)-3-oxopropyl)acrylamide-based random copolymer: synthesis and studies of its composition dependent properties and anticancer drug delivery efficiency

“…It shows hysteresis during phase transition. 35 It has high cell affinity but low blood compatibility. The low molecular weight PNIPAM is only non-toxic; 36 it is not degradable.…”