Biocompatible Nanocarrier Fortified with a Dipyridinium-Based Amphiphile for Eradication of Biofilm

Abstract

Annihilation of bacterial biofilms is challenging owing to their formidable resistance to therapeutic antibiotics and thus there is a constant demand for development of potent antibiofilm agents that can abolish established biofilms. In the present study, the activity of a dipyridinium-based cationic amphiphile (compound 1) against established bacterial biofilms and the subsequent development of a compound 1-loaded nanocarrier for potential antibiofilm therapy are highlighted. Solution-based assays and microscopic analysis revealed the antagonistic effect of compound 1 on biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2488. In combination studies, compound 1 could efficiently potentiate the action of tobramycin and gentamicin on P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilm, respectively. A human serum albumin (HSA)-based nanocarrier loaded with compound 1 was generated, which exhibited sustained release of compound 1 at physiological pH. The compound 1-loaded HSA nanocarrier (C1-HNC) displayed the signature membrane-directed activity of the amphiphile on target bacteria, efficiently eliminated established bacterial biofilms, and was observed to be nontoxic to a model human cell line. Interestingly, compound 1 as well as the amphiphile-loaded HSA nanocarrier could eradicate established S. aureus biofilm from the surface of a Foley's urinary catheter. On the basis of its biocompatibility and high antibiofilm activity, it is conceived that the amphiphile-loaded nanocarrier may hold potential in antibiofilm therapy.

Nanoparticle-Stabilized Capsules for the Treatment of Bacterial Biofilms

“…18 Engineering nanomaterials provides a potential platform to prevent payload degradation and to tune molecular interactions with bacteria. 19,20,21,22 Previous reports have shown that encapsulating essential oils into surfactant-stabilized colloidal delivery vehicles improves their aqueous stability and increases the antimicrobial activity of small molecule payloads. 23,24,25 However, these carriers often induce adverse hemolytic or irritating effects restricting their compatibility with biological tissues.…”

A Nonbactericidal Zinc‐Complexing Ligand as a Biofilm Inhibitor: Structure‐Guided Contrasting Effects on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm

“…The wells were air‐dried for 45 min. The formation of the biofilm was then ascertained by fluorescence microscopy in separate sets by cFDA‐SE and CR staining by a standard procedure . In a separate experiment, biofilm imaging was also carried out by tracking the inherent fluorescence of C4.…”

“…In a separate experiment, S. aureus MTCC 96 biofilm growth in control samples (devoid of C4) and in the presence of C4 was ascertained by FESEM analysis by a previously described method . In the metal supplementation experiments with C4, S. aureus MTCC 96 biofilm was grown in a sterile 96‐well microtiter plate in BHI medium containing glucose (0.25 %) and varying concentrations of C4 (10–320 μ m ).…”

Extracellular‐DNA‐Targeting Nanomaterial for Effective Elimination of Biofilm

“…HNPs were initially generated by following a previously described desolvation method . To generate C1‐loaded HSA nanocarrier (C1‐HNC), HNPs (1.0 mg mL −1 in sterile MilliQ water, pH titrated to 8.2) were interacted overnight with varying concentrations of C1 (10–400 μ m ) on a rocker at room temperature.…”