Biocompatible Drug Delivery System Based on a MOF Platform for a Sustained and Controlled Release of the Poorly Soluble Drug Norfloxacin

Abstract

Norfloxacin (NFX), an important antibacterial fluoroquinolone, is a class IV drug according to the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) and has low solubility and permeability issues. Such poor physicochemical properties of drug molecules lead to poor delivery and are of serious concern to the pharmaceutical industry for clinical development. We present here a conceptually new approach to deliver NFX, by loading the drug molecule on the porous platform of a biocompatible metal–organic framework (MOF), MIL-100(Fe). The loading of the drug on the MOF leading to NFX@MIL-100(Fe) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), and nitrogen adsorption studies. Controlled experiments resulted in the high loading of the drug molecule (∼20 wt %) along with the desired sustained release. We could further control the release of norfloxacin by coating drug-loaded MIL-100(Fe) with PEG, PEG{NFX@MIL-100(Fe)}. Both drug delivery systems (DDSs), NFX@MIL-100(Fe) and PEG{NFX@MIL-100(Fe)}, were tested for their biocompatibility through toxicity studies. The DDSs are biocompatible and show insignificant cytotoxicity, as revealed by cell viability studies through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

Two biocompatible iron-based CPMs for high-capacity adsorption and pH-responsive sustained release of diclofenac sodium

“…For example, Parsaei et al 14 successfully prepared a simple and economical MOF-801 using ZrCl 4 and fumaric acid, and used this for the controlled release of the anticancer drug 5-Fu, significantly improving the therapeutic effect of the drug. Yadav et al 15 designed and reported an iron-MOF material, NFX@MIL-100(Fe), which was used for the delivery of norfloxacin (NFX) with high loading (∼20 wt%) and expected sustained release effect. However, although numerous MOFs have been reported and extensively studied, there are insufficient practical applications related to biomedicine applications.…”

Quest for a Desolvated Structure Unveils Breathing Phenomena in a MOF Leading to Greener Catalysis in a Solventless Setup: Insights from Combined Experimental and Computational Studies

“…Solventless reaction conditions provide many benefits, like a significant reduction in the reactor size, less energy consumption, shortened reaction times, and high yield . Popular choices of heterogeneous catalysts for the said reactions are metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a novel class of materials that are constructed by metal ions/clusters with organic molecules as ligands. , MOFs have found applications in areas such as drug delivery, − gas storage, gas separation, sensing, catalysis, − etc. Heterogeneous catalysis based on MOFs has grown up over the years and created interest to materials scientists due to its remarkable properties such as high porosity, tunable pores, functionalizable pore walls, and relatively simple separation. , MOFs with well-defined pores or channels are useful for their high activity in the catalytic process.…”

Encapsulation and Delivery of Mitoxantrone Using Zirconium-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Cytotoxic Potential in Breast Cancer Cells

“…MOFs can be developed using synthetic and natural compounds, employing chemical and physical approaches [16,17]. These MOFs can be endowed with different chemical and physical properties and evaluated for targeted drug delivery in various diseases at the subcellular level [18,19].…”