Biocompatible CuInS₂ Nanoparticles as Potential Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Agents

Abstract

A simple hydrothermal route is employed to synthesize pure copper indium disulfide (CIS) and CIS nanoparticles (NPs) mediated by various natural plant extracts. The plant extracts used to mediate are Azadirachta indica (neem), Ocimum sanctum (basil), Cocos nucifera (coconut), Aloe vera (aloe), and Curcuma longa (turmeric). The tetragonal unit cell structure of as-synthesized NPs is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The analysis by energy-dispersive X-rays shows that all the samples are nearstoichiometric. The morphologies of the NPs are confirmed by high-resolution scanning and transmission modes of electron microscopy. The thermal stability of the synthesized NPs is determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The optical energy band gap is determined from the absorption spectra using Tauc's equation. The antimicrobial activity analysis and the estimation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the samples are performed for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus pathogens. It shows that the aloe-mediated CIS NPs possess a broad inhibitory spectrum. The best inhibitory effect is observed against S. aureus, whereas the least effect was exhibited against P. vulgaris. The least MIC value is found for aloe-mediated CIS NPs (0.300 mg/mL) against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. aerogenes, along with basil-mediated NPs against E. coli. The antioxidant activity study showed that the IC 50 value to inhibit the scavenging activity is maximum for the control (vitamin C) and minimum for pure CIS NPs. The in vivo cytotoxicity study using brine shrimp eggs shows that the pure CIS NPs are more lethal to brine shrimp than the natural extract-mediated CIS NPs. The in vitro cytotoxicity study using the human lung carcinoma cell line (A549) shows that the IC 50 value of turmeric extract-mediated CIS NPs is minimum (15.62 ± 1.58 μg/mL). This observation reveals that turmeric extract-mediated CIS NPs are the most potent in terms of cytotoxicity toward the A549 cell line.

First principle insights and experimental investigations of the electronic and optical properties of CuInS2 single crystals

“…Different values of Z can be acquired by solving eqn (13). The positive and real value of 'Z' is utilised to obtain the extinction coefficient from eqn (14).…”

“…In the ever-expanding family of three-dimensional materials, for photonic applications, notably in the field of flexible optoelectronics, those having semiconducting properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are of particular interest in recent advances. The TMDCs are of great attention to researchers due to the variety of their structural and electrical characteristics, such as thermoelectric effect, 1,2 thermal study, [3][4][5][6] superconductivity, 7,8 optical study, 9,10 photovoltaic devices, 11,12 biological applications, [13][14][15][16] etc. Among the TMDCs, chalcopyritetype semiconducting materials are being sought for their equally significant and environmentally benign nature, as well as prospective applications in a variety of optical instruments in the visible and near-infrared regions.…”

Pristine, Ni- and Zn-Doped CuSe Nanoparticles: An Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Study

“…Synthesized nanoparticles are tested for their antimicrobial efficacy using the agar-well diffusion method. , Further, 1 mL of inoculum of each indicator organism is combined with warm nutrient agar and then spread over the Petri plates to acquire a uniformly thick lawn of bacterial growth. Narrow wells of 7 mm in diameter are bored into nutrient agar plates, and 50 μL of each nanoparticle suspension (25 μg/mL in 10% DMSO) is individually added into each well.…”

“…The remarkable antioxidant capabilities of the nanoparticles are assessed by employing DPPH radical scavenging testing. 49 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a steady free radical at ambient temperature that receives an electron from synthesized nanoparticles that transforms it into a stable diamagnetic molecule that discolors the DPPH solution. A DPPH solution of 1 mM in methanol is made.…”

Recent Advances in Copper-Based Organic Complexes and Nanoparticles for Tumor Theranostics

“…In recent years, with the continuous in-depth research of nanomaterials compared with traditional antitumor treatments, nanomaterials have been used in more and more clinical anticancer applications, showing great development potential [ 111 ]. For example, in our previous research, we found that some nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), high-Z gold nanoparticles following intratumoral injection can provide a high local concentration of the agent, reduction of the particle clearance (i.e., renal or hepatic clearance) that increases the bioavailability of nanoparticles and has the effect of radiosensitizer in cancer radiotherapy, which can be used for long-term local anti-tumor therapy [ 112 , 113 ].…”