Biocompatible 2D Materials via Liquid Phase Exfoliation

Abstract

Two‐dimensional materials (2DMs), such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and black phosphorus (BP), have been proposed for different types of bioapplications, owing to their unique physicochemical, electrical, optical and mechanical properties. Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE), as a one of the most effective up‐scalable and size‐controllable methods, is becoming the standard process to produce high quantity of various 2DM types as it can benefit of the use of green and biocompatible conditions. The resulting exfoliated layered materials have garnered significant attention because of their biocompatibility and their potential use in biomedicine as new multimodal therapeutics, antimicrobials and biosensors. In this review, we focused our attention on the production of LPE‐assisted 2DMs in aqueous solutions with or without the aid of surfactants, bioactive or non‐natural molecules. We further concluded with our insights into the possibilities of applications of such materials in the biological and biomedical fields. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Black phosphorus, an advanced versatile nanoparticles of antitumor, antibacterial and bone regeneration for OS therapy

“…The liquid exfoliation method is currently the most commonly used technique for large-scale production of BP nanoparticles ( He et al, 2024 ). Immersion of bulk BP crystals in an organic solvent creates ionic exchange between BP layers, which causes bulk BP to exfoliate and form monolayer BPNSs.…”

Aromatic Amino Acid-Dependent Surface Assembly of Amphiphilic Peptides for One-Step Graphite Exfoliation and Graphene Functionalization

“…This comprehensive elucidation of the sequential steps involved in the peptide-mediated exfoliation and functionalization of graphene nanosheets enhances the existing knowledge in the field, providing valuable insights for the design and synthesis of peptide-based materials with tailored properties for various applications, especially in the biomedical field. 11 In conclusion, this study delved into the role of amphiphilic peptides with aromatic amino acids in the exfoliation of graphite and the functionalization of graphene. It was observed that peptides containing tryptophan were more efficient in exfoliating graphite compared with those with phenylalanine or tyrosine.…”

“…Drawing on the innovative work that initially proposed the strong noncovalent binding of histidine-rich peptides and others to graphitic surfaces, − this mechanistic study of aromatic peptides for the exfoliation and functionalization of graphene-based nanomaterials further advances the understanding of the feasibility of employing amphiphilic peptides in these processes. This comprehensive elucidation of the sequential steps involved in the peptide-mediated exfoliation and functionalization of graphene nanosheets enhances the existing knowledge in the field, providing valuable insights for the design and synthesis of peptide-based materials with tailored properties for various applications, especially in the biomedical field …”

“…This nanoscale size (under 200 nm) and unique morphology could be beneficial for further biomedical applications, such as the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. 11,13 Furthermore, the zeta potential of 58.0 ± 0.72 mV for the C6W4-Graphene nanocomposites (Figure 3A) is suggestive of a high electrostatic repulsion between particles, conferring stability and suggesting resistance to aggregation. This high zeta potential is indicative of a stable colloidal system, an attribute vital for the reliability and functionality of the C6W4-Graphene nanocomposites in potential applications.…”

“…However, most graphene synthesis methods involve chemical processes to produce graphene that are water-dispersible, rendering the final product unsuitable for direct use in biological systems . One alternative is utilizing biomolecules to exfoliate graphite and produce graphene. ,,− Several biomolecules, including proteins, DNA, RNA, and polysaccharides, have been employed in exfoliation. ,,,, While, due to the high molecular weight of these biopolymers, it is challenging to elucidate the detailed exfoliation mechanism, particularly the interaction between biopolymers and graphite or graphene, which is crucial for simultaneous graphite exfoliation and graphene nanosheet functionalization. Also, the functionalization of graphene relies heavily on biomolecules with a controlled design and known structure.…”