Biocompatibility of Subcutaneously Implanted Plant-Derived Cellulose Biomaterials

Abstract

There is intense interest in developing novel biomaterials which support the invasion and proliferation of living cells for potential applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Decellularization of existing tissues have formed the basis of one major approach to producing 3D scaffolds for such purposes. In this study, we utilize the native hypanthium tissue of apples and a simple preparation methodology to create implantable cellulose scaffolds. To examine biocompatibility, scaffolds were subcutaneously implanted in wild-type, immunocompetent mice (males and females; 6-9 weeks old). Following the implantation, the scaffolds were resected at 1, 4 and 8 weeks and processed for histological analysis (H&E, Masson's Trichrome, anti-CD31 and anti-CD45 antibodies). Histological analysis revealed a characteristic foreign body response to the scaffold 1 week post-implantation. However, the immune response was observed to gradually disappear by 8 weeks postimplantation. By 8 weeks, there was no immune response in the surrounding dermis tissue and active fibroblast migration within the cellulose scaffold was observed. This was concomitant with the deposition of a new collagen extracellular matrix. Furthermore, active blood vessel formation within the scaffold was observed throughout the period of study indicating the pro-angiogenic properties of the native scaffolds. Finally, while the scaffolds retain much of their original shape they do undergo a slow deformation over the 8-week length of the study. Taken together, our results demonstrate that native cellulose scaffolds are biocompatible and exhibit promising potential as a surgical biomaterial.

Investigation of the Early Healing Response to Dicationic Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids: A Biocompatible Coating for Titanium Implants

“…After 10 minutes in the ethanolic IonL solution, implants were removed from the solution at a uniform rate of 60 μm/sec with the assistance of a motorized stage (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) then placed in an oven at 65 ° C to dry for 48 hours. To achieve the desired coating amount on the surface of titanium disks, 3 uncoated disks per concentration were dip coated in 0, 1,10,25,50,100 and 250 mM of each IonL. The coatings were allowed to dry and then re-dissolved in 200 μL of ethanol by vortexing.…”

From Decellurization to Imaging to 3-D Printing: low-cost plant-derived 3D-printed tissue scaffolds for tissue engineering

“…The internal region of the cauliflower stalk was scraped out to resemble a human capillary. We tested four different protocols for the decellularization processes from existing literature [7][8][9][10]. Table 1 compares the four protocols in terms of methods, materials, any deviations we made and their final result.…”

“…Following the decellularization protocol outlined in [8], cauliflower pieces measuring 3cm x 1cm were washed using distilled water to remove debris. They were then submerged in distilled water for 5 minutes.…”

“…Current research in this domain focuses on the decellularization of plants and recellularization of the remaining scaffold with mammalian cells, with the ultimate aim of transplantation into the human body. Scientists at the Pelling Lab have created prototypes of human ears from apples [7,8]. Ficus Hispida, Pachira aquatica and a species of Garcinia plant types were made fit for recellularization with mammalian cells using two protocols mentioned by Adamski and team [9].…”

Comparative Modeling the Thermal Transfer in Tissues with Volume Pathological Focuses and Tissue Engineering Constructs: a Pilot Study

“…As the remodeling, the ratio of the individual components (substances scaffold, blood vessels and host tissues), in points 1 and 2 will change. To calculate the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the newly formed tissue, we used the ratio of the components obtained in the experimental study, where scaffolds based on natural polymers chitosan and polycaprolactone have been successfully installed (Novochadov et al, 2013;Ivanov et al, 2015;Modulevsky et al, 2016); the basic design characteristics are given in Table 5. From these data it is clearly seen that as scaffold remodeling is accompanied by decrement of heat capacity, while the conductivity increased.…”