Biocompatibility enhancement via post-processing of microporous scaffolds made by optical 3D printer

Abstract

Providing a 3D environment that mimics the native extracellular matrix is becoming increasingly important for various applications such as cell function studies, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery. Among the most critical parameters to consider are the scaffold’s complicated micro-scale geometry and material properties. Therefore, stereolithography based on photopolymerization is an emerging technique because of its ability to selectively form volumetric structures from liquid resin through localized polymerization reactions. However, one of the most important parameters of the scaffold is biocompatibility, which depends not only on the material but also on the exposure conditions and post-processing, which is currently underestimated. To investigate this systematically, microporous scaffolds with pore sizes of 0.05 mm3 corresponding to a porosity of 16,4% were fabricated using the stereolithography printer Asiga PICO2 39 UV from the widely used resins FormLabs Clear and Flexible. The use of various polymers is usually limited for cells because, after wet chemical development, the non-negligible amount of remaining monomers intertwined in the photopolymerized structures is significantly toxic to cells. Therefore, the aim of this research was to find the best method to remove monomers from the 3D scaffold by additional UV exposure. For this purpose, a Soxhlet extractor was used for the first time, and the monomers were immersed in different alcohols. A Raman microspectroscopy was also used to investigate whether different post-processing methods affect DC (cross-linking) to find out if this specifically affects the biocompatibility of the scaffolds. Finally, mesenchymal stem cells from rat dental pulp were examined to confirm the increased biocompatibility of the scaffolds and their ability to support cell differentiation into bone tissue cells.

Powder Bed Fusion 3D Printing in Precision Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications: A Comprehensive Review

“…The materials that are utilized have a substantial impact on the quality of biomedical implants [223]. There are binders, like polymeric binders, that can be found, but their removal may involve additional heating or chemical postprocessing, which could compromise their biocompatibility [212,[224][225][226][227]. Although wax-based binders are easy to print on and remove, there are concerns over the potential for wax residues to be present and their potential long-term compatibility with living organisms [212,225].…”

Biomaterials Adapted to Vat Photopolymerization in 3D Printing: Characteristics and Medical Applications

“…For a 3D-printed material to be biocompatible, it has to fulfil several conditions besides being printable, including having appropriate mechanical properties, having safe degradation byproducts, good degradation kinetics, and exhibiting biomimicry [29]. Typical photosensitive resins contain acrylates or methacrylates as the monomer, as well as photoinitiators and photostabilizers that can be toxic to cells [30]. Consequently, there is a high interest in developing novel biocompatible materials for VPP 3D printing.…”

Single-Cell Synchro-Subtractive–Additive Nanoscale Surgery with Femtosecond Lasers

“…The “additive processing” in the FLSS used Gelma as the “suture” based on two-photo polymerization. Gelma was a double-bond-modified gelatin with excellent biocompatibility, − which could be cross-linked by visible light after the addition of the photoinitiator . Numerical simulations show that two-photon polymerization would occur at a P avg of 10 mW and an I avg of 10 11 W/cm 2 .…”