Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity Study of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Sustainable Super-Hydrophobic Coating for Biomedical Applications

Abstract

A sustainable super-hydrophobic coating composed of silica from palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was synthesised using isopropanol as a solvent and coated on a glass substrate. FESEM and AFM analyses were conducted to study the surface morphology of the coating. The super-hydrophobicity of the material was validated through goniometry, which showed a water contact angle of 151°. Cytotoxicity studies were conducted by assessing the cell viability and cell morphology of mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) and hamster lung fibroblast cell line (V79) via tetrazolium salt 3-(4–dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and microscopic methods, respectively. The clonogenic assay was performed on cell line V79 and the cell proliferation assay was performed on cell line L929. Both results validate that the toxicity of PDMS: SS coatings is dependent on the concentration of the super-hydrophobic coating. The results also indicate that concentrations above 12.5 mg/mL invariably leads to cell toxicity. These results conclusively support the possible utilisation of the synthesised super-hydrophobic coating for biomedical applications.

Micellar Carriers of Active Substances Based on Amphiphilic PEG/PDMS Heterograft Copolymers: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Safe Use on Skin

“…PDMS-based systems are often used as micellar carriers of anti-cancer substances (e.g., doxorubicin) [ 31 ], nanoparticles (e.g., with cathepsin B, lysosomal cysteine proteases that associate with premalignant lesions and invasive stages of cancer) [ 32 ], and PDMS-modified silica xerogels with Ag nanoparticles (progesterone delivery) [ 33 ]. Furthermore, PDMS-based coatings and silica-PDMS composites have also been tested in drug delivery systems and biomedicine [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Recent research validates that the toxicity of PDMS coatings is dependent on the concentration [ 36 ] and that the increase in the molecular weight of PDMS can improve the cell survival rate [ 37 ].…”

“…Furthermore, PDMS-based coatings and silica-PDMS composites have also been tested in drug delivery systems and biomedicine [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Recent research validates that the toxicity of PDMS coatings is dependent on the concentration [ 36 ] and that the increase in the molecular weight of PDMS can improve the cell survival rate [ 37 ]. Additionally, special anti-fouling properties of PDMS products have been achieved for elastomers with polyurethane urea [ 38 ], as well as for PEGMA brushes obtained via the surface-initiated ATRP technique on roller-casted multiple PDMS layers [ 39 ].…”

Micro/Nanopatterned Superhydrophobic Surfaces Fabrication for Biomolecules and Biomaterials Manipulation and Analysis

“…Superhydrophobicity of this surface can further be controlled by changing the nanometer-scale topography of the surface with postprocessing, which has been demonstrated in the case of using plasma treatment or laser annealing/etching of the surface. Finally, another important property of PDMS is its intrinsic biocompatibility [78]. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is another potentially interesting polymeric material, and SHSs made of PTFE have already been obtained by using chemically induced nanotexturing of the surface [76] or laser ablation techniques [77]; moreover, this material has the peculiar advantage of being already extremely hydrophobic on its own, leading to micro/nanostructured patterns displaying strong superhydrophobicity without the need of any further coating.…”

Surfactant assisted dip-coating method for deposition of polyethylmethacrylate-diamond coatings

“…The goal of this investigation was the fabrication of PEMA-diamond coatings by a dip-coating method using isopropanol solvent. Isopropanol offers benefits of lower cytotoxicity compared to other organic solvents [20][21][22][23][24]. It is widely used for many biomedical fabrication applications, such as deposition of films for drug delivery [25], surface modification of implants with bioceramics, polymers and proteins [26,27], protein purification and extraction [28], manufacturing of fibrous implants [29], and biomedical scaffolds [30].…”