Biocompatibility and Antibiofilm Properties of Calcium Silicate-Based Cements: An In Vitro Evaluation and Report of Two Clinical Cases

Abstract

Calcium silicate-based cements have reached excellent levels of performance in endodontics, providing predictable and successful results. To better assess the properties of these bioactive materials, the present study aimed to compare the biocompatibility and antibiofilm properties of ProRoot MTA and Biodentine. Human osteogenic sarcoma (Saos-2) cells were cultured on ProRoot MTA and Biodentine samples or in the presence of both cement extracts. Cell viability assay, measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), immunofluorescence analysis, as well as morphological evaluations were conducted. Moreover, Streptococcus mutans was used to assess the biofilm forming ability on ProRoot MTA and Biodentine disks. Finally, both cements were applied in vivo to treat immature permanent teeth affected by reversible pulpitis. Results: Cell viability assay demonstrated that Saos-2 cells had a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity to both analyzed cements, although cells exposed to ProRoot MTA showed a better cell vitality than those exposed to Biodentine (p < 0.001). Both cements demonstrated ROS production while this was greater in the case of Biodentine than ProRoot MTA (p < 0.001). Immunofluorescence images of the cytoskeleton and focal adhesions showed no differences in Saos-2 cells grown in the presence of ProRoot MTA eluate; whereas in the Biodentine groups, cells showed a morphology and focal adhesions more similar to that of the control sample, as the eluate concentration decreased. Morphological analysis revealed that Saos-2 cells were more flattened and exhibited better spreading when attached to ProRoot MTA disks than to Biodentine ones. The antibiofilm properties showed a time-dependent powerful inhibition of S. mutans superficial colonization and an antibiofilm effect of both cements. Clinically, complete root formation of the treated elements was achieved using the two studied cements, showing stable results over time. ProRoot MTA and Biodentine was demonstrated to be biocompatible and to possess antibiofilm properties. Their clinical application in vital pulp therapy provided successful outcomes after 2 years of follow-up.

In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility Studies on Engineered Fabric with Graphene Nanoplatelets

“…Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay as described by Bossù et al [38]. Briefly, 3 × 10 4 HaCaT cells were plated on 24-well culture plates and exposed or not to the fabric extracts at 8, 24, 48 and 72 h. Tetrazolium salts (MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 5 mg/mL suspended in PBS) were added to each well and incubated for 4 h. The formazan crystals were extracted from the cells with a solubilizing solution (DMSO).…”

Biocompatibility of a New Calcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealer Mediated via the Modulation of Macrophage Polarization in a Rat Model

“…Many previous studies have been performed to evaluate the in vivo biocompatibility of root canal sealers in a rat model of subcutaneous tissue implantation [ 4 , 14 ]. Therefore, the aims of the present study are to evaluate the reactions of subcutaneous connective tissues and organs to BC Sealer HiFlow and to compare them to the reactions to iRoot SP sealer and ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate cement (MTA) (Dentsply, Tulsa, OK, USA), whose sufficient biocompatibilities have been confirmed by numerous in vivo and in vitro experiments [ 15 , 16 ]. Additionally, macrophages, the main cells that infiltrate the interface between implanted materials and tissues, secrete proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines to regulate the foreign body reaction, and we also studied the effects of iRoot SP and BC Sealer HiFlow on macrophage polarization [ 17 ].…”

Cell viability and physicochemical effects of different concentrations of bismuth trioxide in a mineral trioxide aggregate cement

“…MTA has shown good cell viability [29,30] and bioactivity [15] but some studies indicate that Bi 2 O 3 was slightly cytotoxic and promotes cell death at high concentrations [31]. Nanometric bismuth trioxide produces changes in cell morphology, as it induces stress in human gingival fibroblast cells, although cellular viability is not compromised [32].…”