Biocidal Poly(styrenehydantoin) Beads for Disinfection of Water

Chen, Yongjun; Worley, S. D.; Kim, Jangho; Wei, C.-I.; Chen, Tay-Yuan; Santiago, J. I.; Williams, J. F.; Sun, Gang

doi:10.1021/ie020266+

Cited by 93 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…were developed and tested by Dr. Worley for their water disinfection properties (Chen et al, 2003). These N-halamine biocidal polymer beads can be activated with chlorine or bromine.…”

Section: Biocidal Polymer Beadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacterial cells are reported to be deactivated upon contact with the halogen atom, and the release of free halogen into aqueous solution is less common than with quats or polyquats (Chen et al, 2004a). The stability of these compounds is due to their chemical structures (Figure 2), with electron-donating alkyl components adjacent to the N-Br and N-Cl functional groups, which control the release of free halogen (Chen et al, 2003). Benefits of the N-halamine biocides are that the halogen atom can be regenerated simply by exposure to free halogen and the required retention time for bacterial cell deactivation is less than for quats and polyquats (Chen et al, 2004a).…”

Section: Biocidal Polymer Beadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These halogenated polymeric beads were tested for bacterial disinfection of water by passing water through a 1.3-cm inside diameter, 7.6-cm length column packed with brominated beads such that it contained an empty bed volume of 3.1 mL (Chen et al, 2003). Dr. Worley found that a 6.8-log reduction of the bacteria S. Aureus was possible with a 1 second or less contact time.…”

Section: Figure 2 Structures Of Chlorinated and Brominated Polymericmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dr. Worley found that a 6.8-log reduction of the bacteria S. Aureus was possible with a 1 second or less contact time. Samples were plated to enumerate active bacteria after the effluent was quenched with 0.02 N sodium thiosulfate (Chen et al, 2003). The time elapsed before quenching was not reported.…”

Section: Figure 2 Structures Of Chlorinated and Brominated Polymericmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concentrations of viable bacteria were reduced by six orders of magnitude, and the leachate contained less than 0.5 mg/L free chlorine and chloroform at concentrations ranging from 9-16 µg/L . In a study using brominated polystyrene beads in a column, less than 2.0 mg/L free bromine was detected in the effluent water (Chen et al, 2003). Concentrations of bromoform in the effluent water were not reported.…”

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confidence: 96%

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Performance of a Catch Basin Filter and Leachate from Biocidal Media for Stormwater Treatment

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Performance of a Catch Basin Filter and Leachate from Biocidal Media for Stormwater TreatmentRyan MacLureThe feasibility of installing biocidal beads into a catch basin filter insert for simultaneous stormwater disinfection and contaminant removal was tested. The catch basin filter insert The longevity of the bromine treatment of the biocidal beads was tested on one set of 0.3-mm beads by simulating five use cycles, and also by testing another set of beads after dry storage. Each use cycle was simulated by pumping pond water through a 1-cm bed of 0.3 mm beads at 0.56 mL/sec for one hour and then connecting the column to an air pump to dry for 23 hours. After five simulated uses, leachate from the beads showed only a slight reduction in concentrations of bromine and bromide (21% and 4% less than fresh beads, respectively), while the concentration of bromoform was nearly 100 times less. The drastic decrease in bromoform concentration suggests that after five simulated uses, much of the bromoform was exhausted or conditions for the formation of bromoform were no vii longer present. For the dry storage test, 0.3 mm beads were wetted with 1-L DI water and then stored dry for 162 days. Then pond water was pumped through the column at 0.56 mL/sec and the leachate was analyzed. After dry storage for 162 days, the leachate showed no reduction in bromine concentrations compared to fresh beads, a 97% reduction in bromoform, and a 30% increase in bromide concentrations. This significant reduction in bromoform could be due to the volatilization of bromoform off the surface of the 0.3 mm beads during dry storage. The 0.3 mm beads are no longer being manufactured, and leachate from the 0.8 mm beads contained bromoform at concentrations below the potable drinking water maximum contaminant level of 80 µg/L.Under all tested conditions, bromine, bromide, and bromoform are present in the leachate from the biocidal beads, and thus their applicability for stormwater disinfection depends on the longevity of the bromine compounds in receiving waters, and on the regulations governing these compounds.viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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“…were developed and tested by Dr. Worley for their water disinfection properties (Chen et al, 2003). These N-halamine biocidal polymer beads can be activated with chlorine or bromine.…”

Section: Biocidal Polymer Beadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Biocidal Polymer Beadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 2 Structures Of Chlorinated and Brominated Polymericmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figure 2 Structures Of Chlorinated and Brominated Polymericmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

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Performance of a Catch Basin Filter and Leachate from Biocidal Media for Stormwater Treatment

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N‐Halamines

Worley¹,

Wojtowicz²

2004

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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N ‐Halamines are inorganic and organic compounds in which oxidative halogen is chemically bonded to nitrogen. They have both research and commercial importance, particularly in the areas of disinfection of water and stabilization of free halogen. The N ‐halogen bond is formed by reaction of an amine, imine, amide, or imide with halogen, hypohalous acid, or hypochlorite. Only the chloro and bromo derivatives are of commercial importance. The physical and chemical properties, preparation, manufacture, uses, safety and handling, toxicity, and economic aspects of chloramines and bromamines are discussed. The chemistry of chloramines and bromamines is diversified not only because nitrogen and halogen act as reaction sites, but because of the different modes by which these functionalities react. Research activity on synthetic applications of chloramines and bromamines continues to be high. In aqueous solution, the chloramines and bromamines generally undergo hydrolysis to varying degrees forming hypochlorous and hypobromous acids. Thus generally these N ‐halamines can be considered as halogen release agents, and many, eg, chloroisocyanurates, find use in bleaching, disinfecting, and sanitizing applications. Others, such as halogen derivatives of ammonia, are important because they are industrial process intermediates (monochloramine) or of significance in water treatment (mono‐, di‐, and trichloramine). The most recent work has concerned covalent attachment of N ‐halamine moieties to insoluble polymers so as to create biocidal materials with excellent potential for commercial utilization.

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