BIOCHEMISTRY OF PROTOZOAN MICROBODIES: Peroxisomes, α-Glycerophosphate Oxidase Bodies, Hydrogenosomes

Müller, Miklós

doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.29.100175.002343

Cited by 91 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…THE PEROXlSOMES (Figure l b) are limited by a single membrane enclosing a finely granulated content. The organelle was first characterized biochemically (54,7,31,86) and later morphologically (6,83,85,143,88,92). Peroxisomes are nonphosphorylating, respiratory organelles (30) conmining enzymes which produce and utilize hydrogen peroxide, and enzymes of the glyoxylate bypass of the tricarboxylate cycle (54, 86,53,83,30,85); enzymatic activity of the organelles has also been demonstrated cytochemically (130,62).…”

Section: The Cell Organellesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The organelle was first characterized biochemically (54,7,31,86) and later morphologically (6,83,85,143,88,92). Peroxisomes are nonphosphorylating, respiratory organelles (30) conmining enzymes which produce and utilize hydrogen peroxide, and enzymes of the glyoxylate bypass of the tricarboxylate cycle (54, 86,53,83,30,85); enzymatic activity of the organelles has also been demonstrated cytochemically (130,62). Peroxisomes are apparently formed by sequestration from the endoplasmic reticulum (92) as found in liver cells (30,108) where, however, biochemical studies (63, 64) indicate that the marker enzyme, catalase, is synthesized outside the peroxisomes but that completion of the molecule occurs within the organelles; disconnection of forming peroxisomes from the endoplasmic reticulum during homogenization could explain these findings.…”

Section: The Cell Organellesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On cell organelles in Tetrahymena. With special reference to mitochondria and peroxisomes

Nilsson

1981

Carlsberg Res. Commun.

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In the ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis, the population of cell organelles shows variation during the culture cycle and when the cells are subjected to various treatments. New cell constituents may appear and the fine structure of mitochondria and peroxisomes may change. Such dynamic structural changes are described and reviewed in relation to physiological and biochemical studies on Tetrahymena. The cell organelles discussed are about I tam in diameter or smaller~ reference is also made to the nuc[eotar organization which is the most sensitive indicator of the physiologica~ state of the ceils. The presumed distribution of the various cell organelles in subcellular fractions of Tetrahymena is mentioned, since dependent on the pretreatment of the cells, especially the mitochondrial and peroxisomal fractions may be contaminated to varying degrees with other cell organelles~The purpose of the review is to demonstrate that a correlation exists between the structure and function of cell organelles, especially mitochondria and peroxisomes, and that the overall fine structure of a cell reflects its physiological state.

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Section: The Cell Organellesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Cell Organellesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On cell organelles in Tetrahymena. With special reference to mitochondria and peroxisomes

Nilsson

1981

Carlsberg Res. Commun.

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“…They have in general a diameter between 0.2 and 0.8,um, appear in sections as round or oval-shaped, and are surrounded by a single membrane. The presence of a crystalline nucleoid has frequently been reported (11,12). Apart from the demonstration of catalase in two representatives of the family ofthe Trypanosomatidae, i.e., Crithidia spp.…”

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confidence: 97%

“…Apart from the demonstration of catalase in two representatives of the family ofthe Trypanosomatidae, i.e., Crithidia spp. (13) and Leptomonas samueli (14), no other enzymes typical of peroxisomes or the glyoxysomes of plants have been found in the microbody fraction of these protozoan hemoflagellates (12,15). This has raised two questions: First, what is the relation between the peroxisomes found in the animal and plant kingdoms on the one hand and the glycosomes of the protozoan Trypanosomatidae on the other hand (16)?…”

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confidence: 99%

Purification, morphometric analysis, and characterization of the glycosomes (microbodies) of the protozoan hemoflagellate Trypanosoma brucei.

Opperdoes¹,

Baudhuin²,

Coppens³

et al. 1984

The Journal of Cell Biology

197

107

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Trypanosoma brucei glycosomes (microbodies containing nine enzymes involved in glycolysis) have been purified to near homogeneity from bloodstream-form trypomastigotes for the purpose of morphologic and biochemical analysis . Differential centrifugation followed by two isopycnic centrifugations in an isotonic Percoll and in a sucrose gradient, respectively, resulted in 12-to 13-fold purified glycosomes with an overall yield of 31% . These glycosomes appeared to be highly pure and contained <1% mitochondrial contamination as judged by morphometric and biochemical analyses. In intact cells, glycosomes displayed a remarkably homogeneous size distribution centered on an average diameter of 0.27 um with a standard deviation of 0.03 um . The size distribution of isolated glycosomes differed only slightly from that measured in intact cells. One T. brucei cell contained on average 230 glycosomes, representing 4.3% of the total cell volume . The glycosomes were surrounded by a single membrane and contained as phospholipids only phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine in a ratio of 2:1 . The purified glycosomal fraction had a very low DNA content of 0.18 hg/mg protein . No DNA molecules were observed that could not have been derived from contaminating mitochondrial or nuclear debris.

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“…Some different mechanisms by which H2 is formed have been known in different types of organisms, and the enzyme hydrogenase, which catalyzes H2 formation, has been at least partially characterized in several species3, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In several bacterial species, it has been shown that H2 production is influenced by the partial pressure of H2, and stimulated by growth with H2-consuming organisms2.11).…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of Hydrogen on the Fermentation in Rumen Protozoa, Entodinium Species

Hino¹

1983

Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho

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The influence of H2 on the fermentation of starch by rumen protozoa, mixture of Entodinium species, was studied in cultures in vitro. An experiment in which H2 was continuously flown into cultures to provide the high partial pressure of H2, showed that the fermentation activity of entodinia is lowered by H2: Starch consumption and organic acid production were decreased.Simultaneously, a shift in the pattern of fermentation products was observed; acetate was decreased greatly, while butyrate was altered little, resulting in the decreased percentage of acetate and increased percentage of butyrate. In another experiment the co-existence of methanogenic bacteria, which were co-cultured to remove H2 produced by entodinia, was found to enhance the fermentation activity of entodinia: Starch consumption, together with organic acid production, were increased.A great increase in acetate and little change in butyrate were also seen. Enhancement of H2 production was shown, which could possibly be the reason for stimulated acetate production.A marked increase in the assumed ATP yield from fermentation was also noted.However, on the whole, the influence of the partial pressure of H2 was not so great as expected.Implications of these results are discussed in detail.Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci., 54 (5): [320][321][322][323][324][325][326][327][328] 1983 In order to understand the role played by protozoa in the metabolism that occurs in the rumen, expecially in energy metabolism, i, e., the energetic aspect of microbial cell synthesis and volatile fatty acid production, it may be of importance to have basic knowledge and adequate information on the fermentation process and growth rate of protozoa, and the factors affecting them. In anaerobic organisms and facultative microbes growing anaerobically, it is generally believed that the rate of growth is primarily limited by the fermentation process,i. e., the process of obtaining energy by means of oxidizing substrates1). In these organisms, fermentation activity is decisively affected by the readiness to dispose of electrons liberated from substrate oxidation. One of the most important modes of disposing of excess electrons has been known to be the formation of H2: Hydrogen is a common end product of carbohydrate fermentation in many bacterial2.3) and several protozoal4-6) species, including rumen microbes7).Some different mechanisms by which H2 is formed have been known in different types of organisms, and the enzyme hydrogenase, which catalyzes H2 formation, has been at least partially characterized in several species3,3-10). In several bacterial species, it has been shown that H2 production is influenced by the partial pressure of H2, and stimulated by growth with H2-consuming organisms2.11). Furthermore, in Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci., 54 (5): 320-328 320 1983

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BIOCHEMISTRY OF PROTOZOAN MICROBODIES: Peroxisomes, α-Glycerophosphate Oxidase Bodies, Hydrogenosomes

Cited by 91 publications

References 53 publications

On cell organelles in Tetrahymena. With special reference to mitochondria and peroxisomes

On cell organelles in Tetrahymena. With special reference to mitochondria and peroxisomes

Purification, morphometric analysis, and characterization of the glycosomes (microbodies) of the protozoan hemoflagellate Trypanosoma brucei.

Influence of Hydrogen on the Fermentation in Rumen Protozoa, Entodinium Species

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