Biochemistry of Insect Flight

Bailey, E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3204-4_2

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 314 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Triglyceride is synthesized from dietary carbohydrates, fatty acids, or proteins. Lipogenesis in the fat body is similar to that of mammalian tissues (17). The direct precursor for triglyceride synthesis is diglyceride, which can be formed from (a) phosphatidic acid produced by the glycerophosphate pathway, (b) the monoacylglycerol pathway, (c) degradation of phospholipids, or (d) deacylation of triglyceride catalyzed by lipases.…”

Section: Accumulation Of Energy Reserves: Storage Of Nutrients As Glymentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Lipid is the main fat body component, and more than 90% of the lipid stored is triglyceride (17, 30). Triglyceride is synthesized from dietary carbohydrates, fatty acids, or proteins.…”

Section: Accumulation Of Energy Reserves: Storage Of Nutrients As Glymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Formation of triglyceride is accomplished by esterification of diglyceride that is catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase in a reaction that uses fatty-acyl-CoA (13). Fatty acids are rapidly taken up by the fat body and readily incorporated into triglyceride and, in smaller amounts, into other glycerides and phospholipids (17, 111). The amount of fatty acid or acetate incorporated by the fat body is dependent on the developmental stage and feeding status of the insect (17, 80, 102, 143).…”

Section: Accumulation Of Energy Reserves: Storage Of Nutrients As Glymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conversion of carbohydrates, a major component of the insect diet, to lipid in the fat body is well documented (17, 27, 64, 66, 131). The capacity of the fat body for lipogenesis from glucose is much higher than that for glycogen synthesis, which explains the higher content of lipid compared to glycogen in the insect fat body.…”

Section: Accumulation Of Energy Reserves: Storage Of Nutrients As Glymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Insect Fat Body: Energy, Metabolism, and Regulation

Arrese¹,

Soulages²

2010

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

1,886

1,547

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The fat body plays major roles in the life of insects. It is a dynamic tissue involved in multiple metabolic functions. One of these functions is to store and release energy in response to the energy demands of the insect. Insects store energy reserves in the form of glycogen and triglycerides in the adipocytes, the main fat body cell. Insect adipocytes can store a great amount of lipid reserves as cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Lipid metabolism is essential for growth and reproduction and provides energy needed during extended nonfeeding periods. This review focuses on energy storage and release and summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms underlying these processes in insects. INSECT FAT BODY: AN OVERVIEWThe insect fat body plays an essential role in energy storage and utilization. It is the central storage depot for excess nutrients. In addition, it is an organ of great biosynthetic and metabolic activity (77). Fat body cells not only control the synthesis and utilization of energy reserves-fat and glycogen-but also synthesize most of the hemolymph proteins and circulating metabolites. Large amounts of relevant proteins, such as storage proteins used as an amino acid reservoir for morphogenesis, lipophorins responsible for the lipid transport in circulation, or vitellogenins for egg maturation, are secreted by the fat body (74). Most of the insect's intermediary metabolism takes place in this organ, including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, and amino acid and nitrogen metabolism. Some metabolic processes are stage specific such as the synthesis and secretion of storage proteins into the hemolymph that occur in the feeding larva or the synthesis of vitellogenin in adult insects.To perform multiple metabolic functions to fulfill the changing physiological needs of the insect during development, the fat body must be able to integrate signals from other organs. Many of these functions are hormonally regulated, and thus the fat body is the target organ of several hormones (47,107). At the same time, the fat body responds to the metabolic requirements of the organ itself. Therefore, several metabolic processes in the fat body must be tightly coupled to a number of metabolic pathways.Physiological systems to sense nutrient reserves are expected in all organisms, and in insects nutrient sensing itself appears to be the domain of the fat body (87). Studies of Drosophila melanogaster and, more recently, mosquitoes have shown that the fat body specifically expresses aminoacid transporters that function as nutrient sensors (14,61). The level of nutrient reserves accumulated in the fat body modulates several important aspects of the insect's life such as the rate of insect growth, the timing of metamorphosis, and egg development (87). The fat body coordinates insect growth with metamorphosis or reproduction by storing or releasing components central to these events. For example, the synthesis of vitellogenin in the fat body of Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes is NIH Public Access

show abstract

Section: Accumulation Of Energy Reserves: Storage Of Nutrients As Glymentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Lipid is the main fat body component, and more than 90% of the lipid stored is triglyceride (17, 30). Triglyceride is synthesized from dietary carbohydrates, fatty acids, or proteins.…”

Section: Accumulation Of Energy Reserves: Storage Of Nutrients As Glymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accumulation Of Energy Reserves: Storage Of Nutrients As Glymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Accumulation Of Energy Reserves: Storage Of Nutrients As Glymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Insect Fat Body: Energy, Metabolism, and Regulation

Arrese¹,

Soulages²

2010

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

1,886

1,547

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Phosphoglucomutase (enzyme: PGM; coding locus: pgm ) is a highly polymorphic enzyme important in glycolysis. It catalyzes the internal transfer of a phosphate group from C‐3 to C‐2, converting 3‐phosphoglycerate (3PG) to 2PG, and thus is central to the mobilization and storage of glucose into glycogen (Bailey, ; Sacktor, ; Eanes, ). Several lines of evidence indicate that pgm genotype affects yellow dung fly performance and is presumably under natural selection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature-mediated microhabitat choice and development time based on thepgmlocus in the yellow dung flyScathophaga stercoraria

Blanckenhorn

Briegel

Choffat

et al. 2012

Biol J Linn Soc Lond

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Temperature can affect the performance of insects through its influence on enzyme function. We report a series of laboratory and field experiments investigating the putatively adaptive temperature‐dependent effects of phosphoglucomutase (pgm) genotype on development time, a central life‐history fitness component, as mediated by the microhabitat choice of ovipositing female yellow dung flies (Scathophaga stercoraria). The allozyme corresponding to the most common pgm allele 3 (approximate 90% natural frequency) had the highest Q 10 and showed higher in vitro activity at warmer temperatures (17–27 °C), whereas the allozyme corresponding to allele 4 (4.5%) showed relatively higher activity at the lowest temperature (7 °C), and the allozyme corresponding to allele 2 (2.5%) showed lower activity throughout. A laboratory experiment revealed that egg development time for allele 3 was shortest (i.e. best) at all temperatures tested, although egg‐to‐adult development time was longest for offspring derived from field females bearing allele 3. Importantly, over 3 years in the field, allele 4 did not increase in frequency late in the season as the temperatures dropped. Although females augmented their proportion of eggs laid on the warmer south slope of a dung pat (adaptive response), the development times of their offspring consistently increased towards the end of the season (maladaptive response). Regardless, females did not systematically bias the pgm composition of eggs laid on the north versus south slopes, as was expected from previous work hypothesizing that females exert microhabitat choice based on the pgm locus. We conclude that, although PGM allozymes differ in activity and the pgm genotype does differentially affect development time, these effects are inconsistent, and not predictable from in vitro allozyme assays, and therefore difficult to reconcile with an adaptive framework of cryptic female choice. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 107, 686–696.

show abstract

Synthesis of sn-1,2-diacylglycerols by monoacylglycerol acyltransferase fromManduca sexta fat body

Arrese

Rojas-Rivas

Wells

1996

Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The pathway for the synthesis of sn‐1,2‐diacylglycerol stimulated by the action of adipokinetic hormone (AKH) in the insect fat body is unknown. Previous results from this laboratory suggested that the hydrolysis of stored triacylglycerol to sn‐2‐monoacylglycerol followed by the stereospecific acylation of sn‐2‐monoacylglycerol catalyzed by a monoacylglycerol‐acyltransferase (MGAT) could be the major route of AKH‐stimulated sn‐1,2‐diacylglycerol synthesis. Thus, MGAT might represent a key enzyme of this pathway. In this study we characterized the MGAT activity from the Manduca sexta fat body. The activity, which was assayed by acylation of 2‐monoolein using radioactive labeled palmitoyl‐CoA, was found to be primarily a microsomal enzyme. The products of the acylation of 2‐monoolein were 1,2‐diacylglycerol (40–50%), 1,3‐diacylglycerol (20–30%), and triacylglycerol (30–40%). The presence of triacylglycerol as a product revealed the presence of diacylglycerol‐acyltransferase activity in the fat body microsomes. The pH optimum of MGAT activity was 7.0, and the dependence of the activity on the concentration of 2‐monoolein showed saturation kinetics. An endogenous MGAT activity, which represented 20% of the maximal activity observed with added substrate, was detected. Optimal concentrations of palmitoyl‐CoA ranged between 0.10–0.20 mM. The specific activity of MGAT, measured under optimal conditions, was about 0.6 nmol DG formed/min‐mg protein. MGAT activity was greatest with 2‐monoolein, and lower activity was observed when a saturated 2‐monoacylglycerol was employed. The activity observed with sn‐1‐monoacylglycerol was lower than that observed with sn‐2‐monoacylglycerol. AKH did not stimulate MGAT activity, suggesting that either the enzyme is not under hormonal regulation or the monoacylglycerol pathway is not involved in the AKH‐stimulated production of sn‐1,2‐diacylglycerol in the M. sexta fat body. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

show abstract

Biochemistry of Insect Flight

Cited by 14 publications

References 314 publications

Insect Fat Body: Energy, Metabolism, and Regulation

Insect Fat Body: Energy, Metabolism, and Regulation

Temperature-mediated microhabitat choice and development time based on thepgmlocus in the yellow dung flyScathophaga stercoraria

Synthesis of sn-1,2-diacylglycerols by monoacylglycerol acyltransferase fromManduca sexta fat body

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About