Biochemical Traits in the Flower Lifetime of a Mexican Mistletoe Parasitizing Mesquite Biomass

Abstract

Psittacanthus calyculatus is a hemiparasitic plant that infects a wide range of trees. Mainly the biology reproduction of this mistletoe lies in bright colored flower development. Furthermore, it uses the nectar secretion as the only reward to engage different flower visitors. We investigated the physiological mechanisms of the flower phenology per hour and per day to analyze the spatial-temporal patterns of the nectar secretion, Cell Wall Invertase Activity (key enzyme in the quality of nectar), nectar chemistry, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission, synthesis of carotenoids and frequency of floral visitors. Flowers lasted 4 days, total nectar was loaded just before the anthesis and the secretion was maintained over day 1 and 2, decreased on day 3, and stopped on day 4. The diurnal nectar secretion dynamic per hour on day 1 and 2 showed similar patterns with high production on the morning and a decrease in the afternoon, the secretion declined on day 3 and ceased on day 4. On the other hand, CWIN activity per day was less before the anthesis and increased on day 1 and 2, this enzymatic activity decreased on the old flower phenology. Moreover, diurnal CWIN activities showed different patterns in the morning, noon, and lastly in the afternoon. Nectar chemistry varied significantly throughout of the flower lifetime, sucrose decreased along the flower phenology increasing glucose and fructose. Amino acids showed the prevalence of proline and oxo-proline, both increased on the day 1 and diminished in subsequent old flower stages. The spatial VOCs emission showed the presence of 11 compounds being β-ocimene the main volatile; its release increased on day 1 and remained constant in the flower lifetime. Lutein, lycopene, and β-carotene were concentrated in old stages of the flowers. In field, the most frequent flower visitors were the hummingbirds that usually foraging in all phenologic flower stage and their foraging events decreased with the phenological flower lifetimes. The results showed that these traits presented by P. calyculatus flowers are able to engage and manipulate the behavior of flower visitors and contribute to the reproduction of the parasitic plant.

Influence of light, dark, temperature and drought on metabolite and ion composition in nectar and nectaries of an epiphytic bromeliad species (Aechmea fasciata)

“…Flower age is known to have a strong influence on nectar composition and volume (Petanidou et al, 1996; Quintana‐Rodríguez et al, 2018), as confirmed here for the epiphytic bromeliad A. fasciata (Fig. 1A–C).…”

“…1A). This is similar to Psittacanthus calyculatus (Mexican mistletoe), where the change in sugar composition of nectar was related to activity of CW‐INV in nectaries (Quintana‐Rodríguez et al, 2018). Activity of CW‐INV is generally important for production of hexose‐rich nectars during nectar secretion (Ruhlmann et al, 2010).…”

What Do Nectarivorous Bats Like? Nectar Composition in Bromeliaceae With Special Emphasis on Bat-Pollinated Species

“…There are at least two possible reasons for the species-specific differences in the nectar composition of amino acids: (1) they are leaching from the nectaries and the nectar composition reflects the corresponding composition in the nectaries, or (2) the composition of amino acids in the nectar is adjusted to the preferences of different pollinators. Honey bees ( Apis mellifera ) and hummingbirds are attracted by proline in nectar (Waller, 1972; Quintana-Rodríguez et al, 2018). Proline-rich nectar seems to have a particular importance for insects such as Hymenoptera, because they use proline in the initial phase of flight (Carter et al, 2006; Nepi et al, 2012).…”

Identification of Factors Linked to Higher Water-Deficit Stress Tolerance in Amaranthus hypochondriacus Compared to Other Grain Amaranths and A. hybridus, Their Shared Ancestor

“…Tre was determined by GC/MS using an ion selective method, as described previously [86]. Briefly, sugars in water soluble leaf and root extracts were enriched by their passage through a cationic exchange chromatography column able to retain charged compounds, such as amino acids and organic acids.…”