Biochemical responses as early and reliable biomarkers of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides intoxication: A systematic literature review

Abstract

Inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) activity has been long considered as the main diagnostic method of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate pesticides poisoning; however, it has been shown that ChE activity may also be altered due to exposure to other non-organophosphorus toxicants and variety of different medical conditions. Hence, to avoid misdiagnosis, we aimed to systematically review available documents to look for additional biomarkers of OP and carbamate poisoning. The electronic databases in addition to Google scholar were searched for eligible articles on March 2022 using "organophosphate," "carbamate," and "biomarker" including all their similar terms. After collecting the relevant documents, the data were extracted and described qualitatively. In total, data of 66 articles from 51 human and 15 animal studies were extracted. Findings demonstrated that enzymes such as β-glucuronidase, neuropathy target esterase, amylase, and lipase, in addition to hematological indicators such as CBC, CRP, lactate dehydrogenase, and CPK have high sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of OP poisoning. Findings suggest that using various markers for diagnosis of OP intoxication is helpful for appropriate management, and early identifying the patients at risk of death. The suggested biomarkers also help to avoid misdiagnosis of OP poisoning with other similar conditions.

Pesticides impacts on human health and the environment with their mechanisms of action and possible countermeasures

“…Carbamates usually have a shorter environmental persistence compared to organophosphates. Examples include carbaryl, methomyl and propoxur [ 33 , 34 ]. Both insecticides kill target bugs by interrupting nerve signal transmission [ 35 ].…”

Life-Saving Resin: Hemoperfusion's Role in Overcoming Acute Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning

“…A systematic review identified additional biomarkers such as β-glucuronidase, neuropathy target esterase, amylase, and lipase that could improve the diagnosis of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. These biomarkers can aid in better management and early identification of patients at risk of severe outcomes, thereby enhancing treatment effectiveness [10].…”

Plant Gel-Mediated Synthesis of Gold-Coated Nanoceria Using Ferula gummosa: Characterization and Estimation of Its Cellular Toxicity toward Breast Cancer Cell Lines

“…Nanotoxicology is a part of nanosciences that considers the side effects of nanomaterials [46][47][48][49]. With increasing biological applications, concerns about the safety and toxicity of materials on the cells of living organisms, especially humans, have increased [50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. The size, surface charge, and concentration of nanomaterials are some of the factors that can affect the toxicity of nanoparticles.…”