Biochemical Profile and Body Composition Alteration of Amateur Bodybuilders during the Pre-Contest Period

Souza, Daniel; Santos, José Alexandre Barbosa dos; Jesus, Daniery Marques De; Gentil, Paulo

doi:10.3390/jfmk3020026

Cited by 11 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…This is in agreement with previous study cases and larger studies that reported a high frequency of protein supplement consumption among bodybuilders [34, 35, 36]. Protein supplementation has been seen to have an anti-sarcopenic stimulus and may also help young and aging persons participating in resistance training activities to increase strength and lean body mass [6].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Protein supplement consumption is linked to time spent exercising and high-protein content foods: A multicentric observational study

Thomas

Karsten

Şahin

et al. 2019

Heliyon

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The main aim of this study is to analyze if protein supplement consumption and food patterns vary across three geographical regions and secondly to identify possible factors that increase the likelihood of ingesting protein supplements. A total of 916 responses from gym users of 3 countries (Italy, Turkey and UK) were entered for analysis. Questions were related to supplement consumption (protein and other supplements), food intake and training habits. A descriptive analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and logistic regression were performed. No differences were found across groups regarding: prevalence of protein supplement consumption, typology of other ingested supplement and food intake. No relation was found between level of education (r = .12) or geographical region (r = .16) and protein consumption. The analysis showed that the coach is the main source of suggestion for the intake of protein supplements (52.3%). The logistic regression model highlighted that gym users who exercised more (OR 1.51, p < 0.001) and consumed higher quantities of chicken (OR 1.39, p < 0.001) eggs (OR 1.18, p < 0.001) and canned tuna (OR 1.15, p < 0.05) were more likely to use protein supplements. Geographical area does not seem to influence the supplementation pattern. Time spent exercising and high protein foods are factors associated with protein supplement consumption.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Protein supplement consumption is linked to time spent exercising and high-protein content foods: A multicentric observational study

Thomas

Karsten

Şahin

et al. 2019

Heliyon

Self Cite

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“…It is suggested that well resistance-trained subjects should perform both MJ and SJ exercises in order to achieve the target volume for a given muscle group [4]. Furthermore, it is often believed that within this population performing SJ exercises may bring further benefits to adaptation of specific muscle groups [5][6][7]. However, previous studies showed that SJ exercises do not appear to bring superior increases in muscle size and strength when compared to MJ [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Resistance Exercise Selection on Muscle Size and Strength in Trained Women

et al. 2020

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The study compared the effects of resistance training programs composed by multi-joint (MJ), single-joint (SJ) and the combination of multi- and single-joint (MJ+SJ) exercises on muscle strength and hypertrophy in trained women. Thirty participants were divided into groups that performed only MJ exercises, SJ exercises and MJ+SJ exercises for six months. Participants were tested for 1-repetition maximum (RM) and muscle thickness (MT) before and after the intervention. All groups showed significant gains on 1RM tests from pre- to post-training (P<0.01). However, MJ and MJ+SJ groups obtained greater gains in 1RM for the MJ exercises in comparison with the SJ group. Increases in 1RM for the SJ exercises were similar among groups, with the exception of leg curl, where the SJ group obtained greater gains than MJ and MJ+SJ. All groups obtained significant increases in MT from pre- to post-training for all muscle groups. However, MJ and MJ+SJ groups presented greater increases in gluteus maximus, quadriceps femoris and pectoralis major in comparison with the SJ group. Therefore, our results suggest that, in general, performing MJ exercises seems to be necessary to obtain optimal results from a resistance training program; however SJ might be necessary to provide optimal strength gains in knee flexion.

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“…Aside from losing body fat, a main aim of competition preparation is preventing the loss of LBM associated with energy deficits and low energy availability (EA) [14–16]. For example, one amateur (AMA) bodybuilder whose body mass losses during competition preparation consisted of over 40% LBM [17, 18], whereas in non-drug tested bodybuilding, such losses may be mitigated by anabolic steroids [19–22]. Thus, strategies to preserve LBM are a priority in “natural”, or drug free bodybuilding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional strategies of British professional and amateur natural bodybuilders during competition preparation

Chappell

Simper

Helms

2019

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background To prepare for competition, bodybuilders employ strategies based around: energy restriction, resistance training, cardiovascular exercise, isometric “posing”, and supplementation. Cohorts of professional (PRO) natural bodybuilders offer insights into how these strategies are implemented by elite competitors, and are undocumented in the scientific literature. Methods Forty-seven competitors (33 male (8 PRO, 25 amateur (AMA), 14 female (5 PRO, 9 AMA) participated in the study. All PROs were eligible to compete with the Drug Free Athletes Coalition (DFAC), and all AMAs were recruited from the British Natural Bodybuilding Federation (BNBF). Competitors in these organisations are subject to a polygraph and are drug tested in accordance with the World Anti-Doping Agency. We report the results of a cross-sectional study of drug free bodybuilders competing at BNBF qualifying events, and the DFAC and World Natural Bodybuilding Federation finals. Participants completed a 34-item questionnaire assessing dietary intake at three time points (start, middle and end) of competition preparation. Participants recorded their food intake over a 24-h period in grams and/or portions. Dietary intakes of PRO and AMA competitors were then compared. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test if nutrient intake changed over time, and for associations with division. Results Male PROs reported significantly ( p < 0.05) more bodybuilding experience than AMAs (PRO: 12.3 +/− 9.2, AMA: 2.4 +/− 1.4 yrs). Male PROs lost less body mass per week (PRO: 0.5 +/− 0.1, AMA: 0.7 +/− 0.2%, p < 0.05), and reported more weeks dieting (PRO: 28.1 +/− 8.1, AMA: 21.0 +/− 9.4 wks, P = 0.06). Significant differences ( p < 0.05) of carbohydrate and energy were also recorded, as well as a difference ( p = 0.03) in the estimated energy deficit (EED), between male PRO (2.0 +/− 5.5 kcal) and AMA (− 3.4 +/− 5.5 kcal) competitors. Conclusions Longer diets and slower weight loss utilized by PROs likely contributed towards a lower EED compared to the AMAs. Slower weight loss may constitute an effective strategy for maintaining energy availability and muscle mass during an energy deficit. These findings require corroboration, but will interest bodybuilders and coaches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12970-019-0302-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Biochemical Profile and Body Composition Alteration of Amateur Bodybuilders during the Pre-Contest Period

Cited by 11 publications

References 40 publications

Protein supplement consumption is linked to time spent exercising and high-protein content foods: A multicentric observational study

Protein supplement consumption is linked to time spent exercising and high-protein content foods: A multicentric observational study

The Effects of Resistance Exercise Selection on Muscle Size and Strength in Trained Women

Nutritional strategies of British professional and amateur natural bodybuilders during competition preparation

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