Biochemical Diagnosis of Vaginitis: Determination of Diamines in Vaginal Fluid

Chen, Kirk C.S.; Amsel, Richard; Eschenbach, David A.; Holmes, King K.

doi:10.1093/infdis/145.3.337

Cited by 108 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As trichomonads cannot synthesize spermine, they must import exogenous spermine in exchange for putrescine through an antiporter system (40). This exchange may lead to increased extracellular levels of putrescine, as observed in genital secretions from patients with trichomonosis (41), and possibly to decreased levels of extracellular spermine. Interestingly, spermine has been observed to inhibit prostatic carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo (42), and lower concentrations of spermine have been observed in malignant prostate tissue than in normal or hyperplastic tissue (43), suggesting that spermine may be involved in prostate carcinogenesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer

Sutcliffe

Giovannucci

Alderete

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

169

217

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Background: Although several previous case-control studies have investigated associations between sexually transmitted infections (STI) and prostate cancer, most have focused on gonorrhea and syphilis, two well-recognized, symptomatic STIs. Another STI of interest for prostate carcinogenesis is trichomonosis, a less well recognized and frequently asymptomatic STI with known prostate involvement. We investigated this infection in relation to incident prostate cancer in a nested case-control study within the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Methods: Prostate cancer cases were men diagnosed with prostate cancer between the date of blood draw (1993)(1994)(1995) and 2000 (n = 691). Controls were men who had had at least one prostate-specific antigen test and who were free of prostate cancer and alive at the time of case diagnosis. One control was individually matched to each case by age (n = 691). Serologic evidence of a history of trichomonosis was as-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer

Sutcliffe

Giovannucci

Alderete

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

169

217

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“…Our results are thereby independent of the amount of vaginal fluid obtained from the patient. Vaginal washing has been used in previous investigations, i.e., sterile water or saline was in- stilled into the vagina (2,3,10,16). By using a plastic loop or a cotton-tipped applicator, adherent vaginal secretion was collected into the pooled fluid, which then was removed with a sterile syringe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Bacterial Vaginosis-Related Amines in Vaginal Fluid by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2001

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The presence of various amines in vaginal fluid from women with malodorous vaginal discharge has been reported before. The investigations have used several techniques to identify the amines. However, an optimized quantification, together with a sensitive analysis method in connection with a diagnostic procedure for vaginal discharge, including the syndrome of bacterial vaginosis, as defined by the accepted "gold standard," has not been done before. We now report a sensitive gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric method for identifying the amines isobutylamine, phenethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, and tyramine in vaginal fluid. We used weighted samples of vaginal fluid to obtain a correct quantification. In addition, a proper diagnosis was obtained using Bacterial vaginosis (BV) commonly occurs in women of childbearing age. Prevalences of 10 to 31% have been reported in various populations (7). Several investigations have been performed to identify one or several bacteria comprising the decisive pathogenic factor in the syndrome, but so far no specific bacteria have been implicated in causing BV. Rather, it seems that BV is accompanied by a shift in the normal lactobacillus flora to a mixed vaginal anaerobic flora including Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides spp., and Mobiluncus spp. (for a review, see reference 18). The importance of BV with respect to women's health is emphasized by the association between BV and pelvic inflammatory diseases, adverse outcome of pregnancy, postpartum endometritis, and cuff cellulitis (8,12,14,15).Amsel et al.(1) proposed a set of practical diagnostic criteria for the clinical diagnosis of BV that is now often accepted as the "gold standard." Three of the four criteria, i.e., a vaginal pH of Ͼ4.5, the presence of an adherent white discharge, a fishy amine odor after addition of KOH, and clue cells, must be met for the diagnosis of BV. A scoring system based on microscopically detectable changes in vaginal fluid is now also commonly used; Gram-stained vaginal smears and wet-mount smears in particular are well documented for use in BV diagnostics (11, 13). Several other alternative methods have also been used to develop easy, inexpensive, and reproducible diagnostic methods such as the rapid nucleic acid hybridization test (5), proline aminopeptidase activity (20), and the amine test (17).The syndrome of BV as defined by Amsel's clinical criteria seems to be a well-defined polythetic concept of major importance to women's health. Consequently, it is important to describe the most important dimensions that can be of use in women's health care. One dimension is the increased numbers of anaerobic bacteria in the vagina that lead to the characteristic amine production and odor. Amine production is thus an important property of the concept of BV and is clearly related to scoring with Amsel's criteria or Nugent scores. Production of amines is a property of several anaerobic bacterial species occurring in the human vagina, and these amines are released into the vaginal fluid in BV ...

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“…The rise in pH decreases the oxidationreduction potential, which results in a more anaerobic microenvironment (216,220). Amines that are produced by anaerobes also raise the vaginal pH (36,206). Although the causes of this microbial transition remain obscure, the outcome can be detected by cultures, microscopic examinations, and biochemical analyses of vaginal discharges.…”

Section: Significance Of G Vaginalis Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gardnerella vaginalis: characteristics, clinical considerations, and controversies

1992

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The clinical significance, Gram stain reaction, and genus affiliation of Gardnerella vaginalis have been controversial since Gardner and Dukes described the organism as the cause of "nonspecific vaginitis," a common disease of women which is now called bacterial vaginosis. The organism was named G. vaginalis when taxonomic studies showed that it was unrelated to bacteria in various genera including Haemophilus and Corynebacterium. Electron microscopy and chemical analyses have elucidated the organism's gram-variable reaction. Controversy over the etiology of bacterial vaginosis was largely resolved by (i) studies using improved media and methods for the isolation and identification of bacteria in vaginal fluids and (ii) standardization of criteria for clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Besides G. vaginalis, Mobiluncus spp., Mycoplasma hominis, and certain obligate anaerobes are now acknowledged as participants in bacterial vaginosis. The finding that G. vaginalis, Mobiluncus spp., and M. hominis inhabit the rectum indicates a potential source of autoinfection in addition to sexual transmission. Extravaginal infections with G. vaginalis are increasingly recognized, especially when the toxic anticoagulant polyanetholesulfonate is omitted from blood cultures and when urine cultures are incubated anaerobically for 48 h. The finding that mares harbor G. vaginalis suggests that an equine model can be developed for studies of Gardnerella pathogenesis.

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Biochemical Diagnosis of Vaginitis: Determination of Diamines in Vaginal Fluid

Cited by 108 publications

References 15 publications

Plasma Antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer

Plasma Antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis and Subsequent Risk of Prostate Cancer

Analysis of Bacterial Vaginosis-Related Amines in Vaginal Fluid by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

Gardnerella vaginalis: characteristics, clinical considerations, and controversies

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