Biochemical control of xylan biosynthesis — which end is up?

York, William S.; O’Neill, Malcolm A.

doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2008.02.007

Cited by 178 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This result suggests arabino-(1→4)-b-D-xylan in this region is in a highly substituted form that the LM11 antibody does not recognize. Consistent with this, members of the GT43 and GT47 gene families, which have been implicated in arabino-(1→4)-b-D-xylan synthesis in other plant systems (Mitchell et al, 2007;York and O'Neill, 2008;Zeng et al, 2008) were transcribed throughout the developmental window used in this study (Fig. 11E).…”

Section: Arabino-(1→4)-b-d-xylansupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Pretreating the sections with alkali did not change the pattern of LM11 labeling. (Fincher and Stone, 2004;York and O'Neill, 2008). To examine the temporal pattern of feruloylation throughout endosperm differentiation, we applied a polyclonal antibody specific for ferulic acid ester linked at the C(O)5 position to a-L-arabinosyl residues of arabino-(1→4)-b-D-xylans (Philippe et al, 2007).…”

Section: Arabino-(1→4)-b-d-xylan Deposition During Endosperm Differenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pattern of Deposition of Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Transcript Abundance of Related Cell Wall Synthesis Genes during Differentiation in Barley Endosperm

Wilson

Burton²,

Collins³

et al. 2012

Plant Physiology

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Immunolabeling, combined with chemical analyses and transcript profiling, have provided a comprehensive temporal and spatial picture of the deposition and modification of cell wall polysaccharides during barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain development, from endosperm cellularization at 3 d after pollination (DAP) through differentiation to the mature grain at 38 DAP. (1→3)-β-d-Glucan appears transiently during cellularization but reappears in patches in the subaleurone cell walls around 20 DAP. (1→3, 1→4)-β-Glucan, the most abundant polysaccharide of the mature barley grain, accumulates throughout development. Arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylan is deposited significantly earlier than we previously reported. This was attributable to the initial deposition of the polysaccharide in a highly substituted form that was not recognized by antibodies commonly used to detect arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylans in sections of plant material. The epitopes needed for antibody recognition were exposed by pretreatment of sections with α-l-arabinofuranosidase; this procedure showed that arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylans were deposited as early as 5 DAP and highlighted their changing structures during endosperm development. By 28 DAP labeling of hetero-(1→4)-β-d-mannan is observed in the walls of the starchy endosperm but not in the aleurone walls. Although absent in mature endosperm cell walls we now show that xyloglucan is present transiently from 3 until about 6 DAP and disappears by 8 DAP. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of transcripts for GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE, Cellulose Synthase, and CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE genes were consistent with the patterns of polysaccharide deposition. Transcript profiling of some members from the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes database glycosyl transferase families GT61, GT47, and GT43, previously implicated in arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylan biosynthesis, confirms their presence during grain development.

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Section: Arabino-(1→4)-b-d-xylansupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Arabino-(1→4)-b-d-xylan Deposition During Endosperm Differenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of Deposition of Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Transcript Abundance of Related Cell Wall Synthesis Genes during Differentiation in Barley Endosperm

Wilson

Burton²,

Collins³

et al. 2012

Plant Physiology

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“…Thus, AtGATL5 could function in the synthesis of a HG primer or terminator important for RG-I synthesis, and mutational inactivation of AtGATL5 would then result in lower synthesis and/or abnormal size of the mucilage, both of which are observed in the atgatl5-1 seed. The idea of a terminal oligosaccharide playing a role in the regulation of polysaccharide size has been proposed for glucuronoxylan synthesis in Arabidopsis (York and O'Neill, 2008). It was found that a normal chain length of glucuronoxylan requires the presence of a GalA-containing tetrasaccharide sequence that is located at the reducing end of the polysaccharide, and mutation of the GAUT12/IRREGLULAR XYLEM8 (IRX8) gene results in lower levels of xylan synthesis and altered polymer length (Peña et al, 2007;Persson et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 Is Involved in the Production of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage

et al. 2013

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The function of a putative galacturonosyltransferase from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; At1g02720; GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 [AtGATL5]) was studied using a combination of molecular genetic, chemical, and immunological approaches. AtGATL5 is expressed in all plant tissues, with highest expression levels in siliques 7 DPA. Furthermore, its expression is positively regulated by several transcription factors that are known to regulate seed coat mucilage production. AtGATL5 is localized in both endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, in comparison with marker proteins resident to these subcellular compartments. A transfer DNA insertion in the AtGATL5 gene generates seed coat epidermal cell defects both in mucilage synthesis and cell adhesion. Transformation of atgatl5-1 mutants with the wild-type AtGATL5 gene results in the complementation of all morphological phenotypes. Compositional analyses of the mucilage isolated from the atgatl5-1 mutant demonstrated that galacturonic acid and rhamnose contents are decreased significantly in atgatl5-1 compared with wild-type mucilage. No changes in structure were observed between soluble mucilage isolated from wild-type and mutant seeds, except that the molecular weight of the mutant mucilage increased 63% compared with that of the wild type. These data provide evidence that AtGATL5 might function in the regulation of the final size of the mucilage rhamnogalacturonan I.

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“…Arabinofuranose (Araf) substitution of the xylan backbone is more common in grasses than in dicots, and some of the Araf sugars are ester linked to ferulic acid, which confers a cross-linking functionality to the xylan chains that is absent in dicots. Furthermore, the reducing end of dicot xylan has a characteristic 4-b-D-Xylp-(1→4)-b-D-Xylp-(1→3)-a-L-Rhap(1→2)-a-DGalpA-(1→4)-D-Xylp oligosaccharide that has not been detected in xylans from grasses (Pena et al, 2007;York and O'Neill, 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, abundant xylan is synthesized in psyllium (Plantago afra) seed mucilage, which has abundant transcripts of an IRX10 ortholog but only very low levels of transcripts of IRX9 and IRX14 orthologs (Jensen et al, 2011). It is possible that different xylan synthetic mechanisms exist, for example between grasses and dicots (York and O'Neill, 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA Interference Suppression of Genes in Glycosyl Transferase Families 43 and 47 in Wheat Starchy Endosperm Causes Large Decreases in Arabinoxylan Content

et al. 2013

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The cell walls of wheat (Triticum aestivum) starchy endosperm are dominated by arabinoxylan (AX), accounting for 65% to 70% of the polysaccharide content. Genes within two glycosyl transferase (GT) families, GT43 (IRREGULAR XYLEM9 [IRX9] and IRX14) and GT47 (IRX10), have previously been shown to be involved in the synthesis of the xylan backbone in Arabidopsis, and close homologs of these have been implicated in the synthesis of xylan in other species. Here, homologs of IRX10 TaGT47_2 and IRX9 TaGT43_2, which are highly expressed in wheat starchy endosperm cells, were suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) constructs driven by a starchy endosperm-specific promoter. The total amount of AX was decreased by 40% to 50% and the degree of arabinosylation was increased by 25% to 30% in transgenic lines carrying either of the transgenes. The cell walls of starchy endosperm in sections of grain from TaGT43_2 and TaGT47_2 RNAi transgenics showed decreased immunolabeling for xylan and arabinoxylan epitopes and approximately 50% decreased cell wall thickness compared with controls. The proportion of AX that was water soluble was not significantly affected, but average AX polymer chain length was decreased in both TaGT43_2 and TaGT47_2 RNAi transgenics. However, the long AX chains seen in controls were absent in TaGT43_2 RNAi transgenics but still present in TaGT47_2 RNAi transgenics. The results support an emerging picture of IRX9-like and IRX10-like proteins acting as key components in the xylan synthesis machinery in both dicots and grasses. Since AX is the main component of dietary fiber in wheat foods, the TaGT43_2 and TaGT47_2 genes are of major importance to human nutrition.

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Biochemical control of xylan biosynthesis — which end is up?

Cited by 178 publications

References 44 publications

Pattern of Deposition of Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Transcript Abundance of Related Cell Wall Synthesis Genes during Differentiation in Barley Endosperm

Pattern of Deposition of Cell Wall Polysaccharides and Transcript Abundance of Related Cell Wall Synthesis Genes during Differentiation in Barley Endosperm

GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 Is Involved in the Production of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage

RNA Interference Suppression of Genes in Glycosyl Transferase Families 43 and 47 in Wheat Starchy Endosperm Causes Large Decreases in Arabinoxylan Content

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