Biochemical Constituent of Ginkgo biloba (Seed) 80% Methanol Extract Inhibits Cholinesterase Enzymes in Javanese Medaka (Oryzias javanicus) Model

Abstract

Background. Pathophysiological changes leading to the death of nerve cells present in the brain and spinal cord are referred to as neurodegenerative diseases. Presently, treatment of these diseases is not effective and encounters many challenges due to the cost of drug and side effects. Thus, the search for the alternative agents to replace synthetic drugs is in high demand. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the anticholinesterase properties of Ginkgo biloba seed. Methods. The seed was extracted with 80% methanol. Toxicity studies and evaluation of anticholinesterase activities were carried out in adult Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus). Phytochemical study to identify the bioactive lead constituents of the crude extract was also carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results. The result shows activities with high significant differences at P<0.001 between the treated and nontreated groups. A bioactive compound (vitaxin) was identified with the aid of HPLC method. Conclusion. The presence of bioactive compound vitaxin is among the major secondary metabolites that contribute to increasing activities of this plant extract. High anticholinesterase activities and low toxicity effect of this plant show its benefit to be used as natural medicine or supplements.

Evaluation of protective effect of methanolic leaves extract of Solanum incanum in copper induced nephro-toxicity in wistar rats

“…In all concentrations of extract, DMSO (vehicle) was kept at 0.1 percent. (Hassan et al, 2020) [11] .…”

“…Filtration of the sample was carried out with clean muslin cloth and then concentrated to semi-solid form with rotary evaporator (IKA RV 10, USA) at 42 ºC. The concentrated semi-solid form was then transferred into sample bottles and stored at 4 ºC (Hassan et al, 2020) [11] .…”

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“…Thiocholine and Ellman's reagent (DTNB) react to form 2-nitrobenzoate-5-mercaptothiocholine. A reading was taken at 405 nm using a microplate reader (Tecan Multimode Microplate, United Kingdom) with fluorescence excitation at 485 nm and emission at 535 nm [17]. The enzymatic activities of erythrocytes were measured in mol/min percent hematocrit, while those of the brain were measured in mol/min/mg protein.…”

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“…(GRACE High-Speed Refrigerated Centrifuge, India). The supernatant was separated into its tube and utilized as an enzyme source 30 .…”

“…The reaction between thiocholine and Ellman's reagent (DTNB) produces 2-nitrobenzoate-5-mercaptothiocholine. Using a microplate reader (Tecan Multimode Microplate, United Kingdom) with fluorescence excitation at 485 nm and emission at 535 nm, a reading was taken at 405 nm 30 . The erythrocyte's enzymatic activities were measured in (mol/min % hematocrit) and tissue enzymatic activities were measured in mol/min/mg protein.…”