Biochemical Characterization of Liver Oil of<i>Echinorhinus brucus</i>(Bramble Shark) and Its Cytotoxic Evaluation on Neuroblastoma Cell Lines (SHSY-5Y)

Venugopal, Vishnu; Kumaran, Ajeeshkumar Kizhakkepurath; Chatterjee, Niladri Sekhar; Kumar, S. S. Pradeep; Kavilakath, Shyni; Nair, Jayarani Ramachandran; Mathew, Suseela

doi:10.1155/2016/6294030

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In contrast, another study using liver oil extracted from deep sea shark (Echinorhinus brucus) showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) following a 48-hour treatment [49]. The cytotoxic effect, as shown by an MTT assay, resulted in over 90% cell death at concentrations of 5-100 µg, which can be attributed to the high concentration of squalene (38.4%) in this oil [49]. Squalene has been promoted as having cell protective effects, which may also reduce the side effects of chemotherapy [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Previous reports revealed that SLO, specifically Greenland Shark (Somniosus microcephalus) liver oil increase IFN-γ with subsequent enhancement of cellular immunity and increase in CD8+ lymphocytes accompanied by a decrease in tumor size. In contrast, another study using liver oil extracted from deep sea shark (Echinorhinus brucus) showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) following a 48-hour treatment [49]. The cytotoxic effect, as shown by an MTT assay, resulted in over 90% cell death at concentrations of 5-100 µg, which can be attributed to the high concentration of squalene (38.4%) in this oil [49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In the present study, the squalene concentration in RLO was calculated to be 16.0 mg/g (Table 4). As a natural and highly unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon, squalene is also present in cod liver oil, palm oil, olive oil and other vegetable oils [49] studies have shown that squalene, AKGs, and certain fatty acids present in liver oil exert anticancer effects [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biochemical characterization of ratfish (Chimaera monstrosa) liver oil; cytotoxic and antineoplastic evaluation in cancer cell lines

Mallakin¹,

Taneja²,

Inoue³

et al. 2018

Intergr Clin Med

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Background: Ratfish liver oil (RLO) with a high abundance of valuable fatty acids, alkylglycerols (AKGs) and their methoxy derivates, is an ancient traditional Scandinavian medicine used to enhance the immune response in immune-related diseases and cancer. AKGs, also known as 1-O-alkyl-sn-glycerols or alkyl-etherlipids, are naturally occurring glyceryl ethers that are abundant in the liver of certain elasmobranch fish species such as ratfish or rabbitfish (Chimaera monstrosa), spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) and Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus). Shark liver oil (SLO) or AKGs incorporated into pharmaceutical products have been shown to display several in vivo biological efficacies such as stimulation of the immune system and anti-tumor and anti-metastatic activities.Methods: Fatty acids, AKGs, and squalene were isolated from RLO, identified by gas-liquid chromatography (GC), and their purities and quantities were demonstrated. Moreover, cytotoxic and antineoplastic activities of RLO were elucidated using a cell proliferation assay, and the expression of several tumor suppressors and oncogenes were evaluated at both the mRNA and protein levels.Results: RLO was found to contain a considerable amount of SFA, EPA, DHA and ALA in addition to AKGs and squalene, which have important therapeutic properties. Treatment of MCF7 (human breast cancer) cells with RLO increased the expression of tumor suppressors such as DMP1 (hDMP1, DMTF1) and p53 by 2 to 4-fold. RLO was shown to elicit its effect by the activation of p53 via an ARF-independent mechanism, causing a direct physical interaction between DMP1 (DMP1α) and p53. This is similar to the mechanism of action of certain chemotherapy drugs such as doxorubicin, where DMP1 binds to gene regulatory regions in a p53-dependent fashion. This mechanism is initiated when cells receive stress signaling other than ARF-mediated oncogene overexpression. Conclusions:The present study is the first to provide complete quantitative and qualitative lipid profiling of RLO and its effect on selected tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. The effect elicited by RLO is similar to that produced by other stressors that accelerate DNA-binding of p53 by DMP1 as a critical mechanism of increasing p53 activity in response to stress signaling other than oncogenic overexpression. Moreover, the lipid profiling data can be used in future studies to identify the AKGs present in cancer cells and to compare their compositions with those in normal cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biochemical characterization of ratfish (Chimaera monstrosa) liver oil; cytotoxic and antineoplastic evaluation in cancer cell lines

Mallakin¹,

Taneja²,

Inoue³

et al. 2018

Intergr Clin Med

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“…The excessive cytoplasmic accumulation of olefin oils such as squalene and terpene inflict toxic effects and metabolic stress on the yeast cell [43,44]. However, lipid droplets in yeast can only store small quantities of olefin oil due to the tight regulation of their biogenesis [45,46].…”

Section: Optimization Of Squalene Overproduction Via Overexpression Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Redirection of Metabolic Flux toward Squalene and Ethanol Pathways by Engineered Yeast

et al. 2020

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We have previously reported that squalene overproducing yeast self-downregulate the expression of the ethanol pathway (non-essential pathway) to divert the metabolic flux to the squalene pathway. In this study, the effect of co-production of squalene and ethanol on other non-essential pathways (fusel alcohol pathway, FA) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated. However, before that, 13 constitutive promoters, like IRA1p, PET9p, RHO1p, CMD1p, ATP16p, USA3p, RER2p, COQ1p, RIM1p, GRS1p, MAK5p, and BRN1p, were engineered using transcription factor bindings sites from strong promoters HHF2p (−300 to −669 bp) and TEF1p (−300 to −579 bp), and employed to co-overexpress squalene and ethanol pathways in S. cerevisiae. The FSE strain overexpressing the key genes of the squalene pathway accumulated 56.20 mg/L squalene, a 16.43-fold higher than wild type strain (WS). The biogenesis of lipid droplets was stimulated by overexpressing DGA1 and produced 106 mg/L squalene in the FSE strain. AFT1p and CTR1p repressible promoters were also characterized and employed to downregulate the expression of ERG1, which also enhanced the production of squalene in FSE strain up to 42.85- (148.67 mg/L) and 73.49-fold (255.11 mg/L) respectively. The FSE strain was further engineered by overexpressing the key genes of the ethanol pathway and produced 40.2 mg/mL ethanol in the FSE1 strain, 3.23-fold higher than the WS strain. The FSE1 strain also self-downregulated the expression of the FA pathway up to 73.9%, perhaps by downregulating the expression of GCN4 by 2.24-fold. We demonstrate the successful tuning of the strength of yeast promoters and highest coproduction of squalene and ethanol in yeast, and present GCN4 as a novel metabolic regulator that can be manipulated to divert the metabolic flux from the non-essential pathway to engineered pathways.

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“…When sharks are captured, they must be gutted, washed to avoid microbial contamination, placed in polyethylene bags, marked with the date of capture and provenance, then kept in an ice bath at a temperature between 1-5 °C until fishing boats arrive at the port, 20 then quickly freeze and store at a temperature below -18 ⁰C until use. [38][39][40] As soon as possible, the livers should be homogenized and removed at the lowest possible temperature, it is recommended not to exceed 20 ⁰C. 39 In this circumstance, the main danger is a loss of components of unsaturated fatty acids through the autoxidation of these.…”

Section: Preparation and Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Oil extraction and derivatization method: a review

Quero-Jiménez¹,

Felipe²,

López³

2020

OAJS

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The objective of this work is to analyze and present the main methods of oil extraction. The present study suggests that different methods could be used to extract oil for food and feed purposes. The method to be used for the extraction depends on several factors, among which its cost and the materials to be used stand out. This work has reviewed wellknown and widely practiced methods of oil extraction namely and conventional methods (solvent extraction), as well as new innovative methods aimed at raising and optimizing oil yield and improving oil quality. The main derivatization methods are also reviewed since among edible oils the determination of fatty acids is one of the quality parameters most studied and disseminated in the scientific literature. Major shortcomings associated with the conventional methods are solvent consumption, extraction time lag and adverse thermal effects at high temperatures that can produce oxidative processes of lipids. New techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction have been developed, and are being used to effectively reduce these shortcomings. Although, as previously stated, the researchers apply the most feasible, least-cost method that suits their research purposes.

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Biochemical Characterization of Liver Oil ofEchinorhinus brucus(Bramble Shark) and Its Cytotoxic Evaluation on Neuroblastoma Cell Lines (SHSY-5Y)

Cited by 11 publications

References 27 publications

Biochemical characterization of ratfish (Chimaera monstrosa) liver oil; cytotoxic and antineoplastic evaluation in cancer cell lines

Biochemical characterization of ratfish (Chimaera monstrosa) liver oil; cytotoxic and antineoplastic evaluation in cancer cell lines

Self-Redirection of Metabolic Flux toward Squalene and Ethanol Pathways by Engineered Yeast

Oil extraction and derivatization method: a review

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