Biochemical Assessment of Placental Function

Martín-Estal, Irene; Rodríguez-Zambrano, Miguel Ángel; Castilla‐Cortázar, Inma

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00051-6_7

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 162 publications

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“…Also, this organ can operate as a barrier to avoid infections, maternal diseases and propagation of xenobiotics, contributing to a suitable fetal development. 29 However, the placenta continues to be an mysterious organ, as there are still many questions to be solved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethanol consumption during gestation promotes placental alterations in IGF-1 deficient mice

et al. 2021

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Background: During pregnancy, the placenta is an extremely important organ as it secretes its own hormones, e.g. insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), to ensure proper intrauterine fetal growth and development. Ethanol, an addictive and widely used drug, has numerous adverse effects during pregnancy, including fetal growth restriction (FGR). To date, the molecular mechanisms by which ethanol triggers its toxic effects during pregnancy, particularly in the placenta, are not entirely known. For this reason, a murine model of partial IGF-1 deficiency was used to determine ethanol alterations in placental morphology and AAH expression. Methods: Heterozygous (HZ, Igf1+/-) female mice were given 10% ethanol during 14 days as an acclimation period and throughout pregnancy. HZ female mice given water were used as controls. At gestational day 19, pregnant dams were sacrificed, placentas were collected and genotyped for subsequent studies. Results: IGF-1 deficiency and ethanol consumption during pregnancy altered placental morphology, and decreased placental efficiency and aspartyl/asparaginyl β-hydroxylase (AAH) expression in placentas from all genotypes. No differences were found in Igf1, Igf2, Igf1r and Igf2r mRNA expression in placentas from all groups. Conclusions: IGF-1 deficiency and ethanol consumption throughout gestation altered placental development, suggesting the crucial role of IGF-1 in the establishment of an adequate intrauterine environment that allows fetal growth. However, more studies are needed to study the precise mechanism to stablish the relation between both insults.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethanol consumption during gestation promotes placental alterations in IGF-1 deficient mice

et al. 2021

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“…PAPP-A levels increase with the progress of gestation, as it is critical for trophoblast differentiation and invasion. Consequently, this enzyme has been employed as a diagnostic biomarker, especially during the first trimester, for several pregnancy disorders, such as Down syndrome (92). Experimental studies in macrophages and human preeclamptic placentas have shown that PAPP-A overactivation activates PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, producing an inflammatory response (93)(94)(95)(96), that could lead to endothelial dysfunction, a common feature of both preeclampsia and GDM (Figure 1).…”

Section: Role Of the Insulin/igf Axis In Gdmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Energy-Dense Diet: What Is the Role of the Insulin/IGF Axis?

Martín-Estal

Castorena‐Torres

2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is one of the most important pregnancy complications affecting approximately 15% of pregnant women. It is related to several gestational adverse outcomes in the fetus, e.g., macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, stillbirth, neonatal hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress. Women with GDM have a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. The pathogenesis of GDM is not completely understood; nevertheless, two factors could contribute to its development: β-cell dysfunction and failure in insulin secretion in response to insulin resistance induced by gestation. Both processes, together with the physiological activities of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), play a crucial role in glucose transport to the fetus and hence, fetal growth and development. IGFs (both IGF-1 and IGF-2) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) regulate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Maternal nutritional status determines the health of the newborn, as it has substantial effects on fetal growth and development. Maternal obesity and an energy-dense diet can cause an increase in insulin and IGF-1 serum levels, producing metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, GDM, and high birth weight (> 4,000 g) due to a higher level of body fat. In this way, in GDM pregnancies there is an increase in IGF-1 and IGF-2 serum levels, and a decrease in IGFBP-1 and 4 serum levels, suggesting the crucial role of the insulin/IGF system in this gestational outcome. Here, the present review tries to elucidate the role that energy-dense diets and the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway perform in GDM pregnancies.

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“…Normal placental vascular development is critical for optimal fetal growth, maintenance and successful pregnancy, and subsequent life course (Adamson et al, 2002;Reynolds et al, 2006). The placenta, the major organ determinant of intrauterine growth, is involved in nutrient transport and metabolism of several molecules (Martín-Estal et al, 2019), and in the synthesis and releases of hormones and other mediators into both maternal and fetal circulations (Guttmacher et al, 2014). Alcohol use throughout gestation can disrupt the normal hormonal interactions between mother and fetus, altering natural homeostasis and hence leading to poor pregnancy outcomes.…”

Section: Main Effects Of Gestational Alcohol Consumption On Placentamentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Abnormal Placentation and Evidence of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor System Dysregulation at the Feto-Maternal Interface After Periconceptional Alcohol Consumption

et al. 2022

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Adequate placentation, placental tissue remodeling and vascularization is essential for the success of gestation and optimal fetal growth. Recently, it was suggested that abnormal placenta induced by maternal alcohol consumption may participate in fetal growth restriction and relevant clinical manifestations of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Particularly, periconceptional alcohol consumption up to early gestation can alter placentation and angiogenesis that persists in pregnancy beyond the exposure period. Experimental evidence suggests that abnormal placenta following maternal alcohol intake is associated with insufficient vascularization and defective trophoblast development, growth and function in early gestation. Accumulated data indicate that impaired vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) system, including their downstream effectors, the nitric oxide (NO) and metalloproteinases (MMPs), is a pivotal spatio-temporal altered mechanism underlying the early placental vascular alterations induced by maternal alcohol consumption. In this review we propose that the periconceptional alcohol intake up to early organogenesis (first trimester) alters the VEGF-NO-MMPs system in trophoblastic-decidual tissues, generating imbalances in the trophoblastic proliferation/apoptosis, insufficient trophoblastic development, differentiation and migration, deficient labyrinthine vascularization, and uncompleted remodelation and transformation of decidual spiral arterioles. Consequently, abnormal placenta with insufficiency blood perfusion, vasoconstriction and reduced labyrinthine blood exchange can be generated. Herein, we review emerging knowledge of abnormal placenta linked to pregnancy complications and FASD produced by gestational alcohol ingestion and provide evidence of the early abnormal placental angiogenesis-vascularization and growth associated to decidual-trophoblastic dysregulation of VEGF system after periconceptional alcohol consumption up to mid-gestation, in a mouse model.

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Biochemical Assessment of Placental Function

Cited by 7 publications

References 162 publications

Ethanol consumption during gestation promotes placental alterations in IGF-1 deficient mice

Ethanol consumption during gestation promotes placental alterations in IGF-1 deficient mice

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Energy-Dense Diet: What Is the Role of the Insulin/IGF Axis?

Early Abnormal Placentation and Evidence of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor System Dysregulation at the Feto-Maternal Interface After Periconceptional Alcohol Consumption

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