Biochemical and Lung Function Test Accuracy for Predicting the Need for Surfactant Therapy in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> We evaluate the accuracy of postnatal biochemical and lung function tests performed within 3 h from birth for predicting surfactant need in preterm infants ≤34 weeks’ gestation receiving noninvasive respiratory support for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, The Cochrane Library, PROSPERO, and clinicaltrials.gov databases for studies published from 2000 to November 10, 2021, cross-referencing relevant literature and contacting experts. We included diagnostic accuracy studies and systematic reviews of biochemical or lung function tests identifying the need for surfactant in preterm neonates ≤34 weeks’ with RDS not intubated at birth. The authors individually assessed the risk of bias following a tailored QUADAS-2 tool. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Eight studies, including 810 infants, met the inclusion criteria. Four tests were included: the click test, the stable microbubble test, the lamellar body count on gastric aspirates, and the forced oscillation technique. The reference standards were transparent criteria for distinguishing the infants according to oxygen requirement, which reflected the current criteria for surfactant therapy. The risk of bias was judged high because of the population selection and exclusion of participants from the analysis. There were no serious concerns regarding blinding and applicability. The individual study sensitivity and specificity range from 0.60 to 1 and from 0.51 to 0.91, respectively. It was not appropriate to combine the accuracy estimates in a meta-analysis because of the heterogeneity of the study characteristics. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Current evidence is insufficient to recommend biochemical and lung function tests for tailoring surfactant therapy.

Scientific Evidence Is the Only Common Ground for the Debate on Neonatal Lung Ultrasound

“…We read with interest the article by Drs Lavizzari and Veneroni titled "Biochemical and Lung Function Test Accuracy for Predicting the Need for Surfactant Therapy in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review" [1]. We were stricken, however, by the following incorrect statements not supported by any literature: "Lung ultrasound score (LUS) is subject to variations in technique and interpretations, depends on the used probe, and requires specific training.…”

Author’s Response

“…Dear Editor, We thank Prof. De Luca et al [1] for the feedback on our systematic review. We acknowledge the growing scientific interest in LUS for individualizing surfactant treatment, and we currently use and appreciate LUS in our clinical practice.…”