Bioavailability of phenolic compounds and redox state of murine liver and kidney as sex-dependent responses to phytoextracts

Abstract

Background: Plant extracts can be obtained to carry bioactive compounds, useful for prevention and treatment of different illnesses. This also supports the intake of teas as functional beverages. Nonetheless, it is incompletely known whether these extracts can act as effective sources and vehicles de phenolic compounds (phenolics/polyphenols) to reach their targets. Objective: To establish whether phytoextract ingestion modified in a sex-dependent manner the phenolic bioavailability and redox response in liver and kidney. Method: BALB/C mice ingested for a month 100 mg/Kg/d of extracts (tea-like) from Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco (AQB), Lantana grisebachii (LG) or Ilex paraguariensis (IP). Then, phenolics, peroxides and nitrites were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Also, phenolic permeation from digested and undigested extracts was evaluated in vitro with a rat jejunum-based assay. Results: Phenolic permeation depended on extract digestion. In males, IP showed a special time course of hepatic phenolics, whereas all extracts decreased renal phenolics at 15 days. Extracts induced hepatic lipoperoxides at 15 days. LG reduced renal hydroperoxides at 15 days and hepatic nitrites at 30 days, whereas AQB and IP reduced renal lipoperoxides and nitrites at 30 days. In females, extracts reduced hydroperoxides, with LG and AQB also reducing lipoperoxides. IP increased renal lipoperoxides at 30 days. Conclusion: IP was a relevant phenolic source. Sex-dependent responses were found in all variables, which should be considered to prevent misleading generalizations in phytodrug bioprospecting.

Effects of bioavailable phenolic compounds from Ilex paraguariensis on the brain of mice with lung adenocarcinoma

“…(Aquifoliaceae; IP) is a South American plant widely consumed as a tea, known as “ yerba mate ” or “ mate ” in the Spanish language, with dietary use and availability growing around the world (Bracesco, Sanchez, Contreras, Menini, & Gugliucci, ). This plant and its derivatives, such as tea and its extract, are enriched in bioactive compounds that reach the CNS and induce desired effects (Albrecht et al, ; Bracesco et al, ; Cittadini et al, ; Miranda et al, ; Orosz, ). The IP extract mainly contains phenolic compounds, such as quinic acid, 3‐caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid (the major compound), 4‐caffeoylquinic acid, 1‐caffeoylquinic acid, caffeoyl acid glucose, quercetin rutinoside, and isorhamnetin rutinoside, among others (Bracesco et al, ; Cittadini et al, ).…”

“…IP is a good candidate as an oral phenolic source, because its polyphenols are available after digestion, thus enhancing intestinal absorption (Albrecht et al, ). The levels of chlorogenic acid and quercetin found in the brain can be related to kinetic properties (e.g., accomplishment of the Lipinski's rules), tissue affinity, and the biochemical stability of the cerebrospinal fluid and the encephalic microenvironment, which is highly regulated by the blood–brain barrier and glia (De Oliveira et al, ; Kumar et al, ).…”

“…The levels of chlorogenic acid and quercetin found in the brain can be related to kinetic properties (e.g., accomplishment of the Lipinski's rules), tissue affinity, and the biochemical stability of the cerebrospinal fluid and the encephalic microenvironment, which is highly regulated by the blood–brain barrier and glia (De Oliveira et al, ; Kumar et al, ). Chlorogenic acid was the major compound found after IP intake, in agreement with previous studies that reported its high concentration and predominance in IP (Albrecht et al, ; Cittadini et al, ). Furthermore, this phenolic acid was also observed at the tumours for both IP doses, which may be advantageous given its cancer modulating potential (Yamagata, Izawa, Onodera, & Tagami, ).…”

“…The tissue phenolic content was measured at 750 nm, which depended on the reducing capacity, by incubating 25 μl of supernatants with the 2 N Folin reactant (25 μl), water (150 μl), and a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (50 μl) for 30 min in darkness at 37°C. The results were calculated as μg/g of tissue using a standard curve of gallic acid and expressed with respect to control (Albrecht et al, ; Cittadini et al, ).…”