Bioavailability of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline after oral administration to fed and fasted pigs

Nielsen, Poul; Gyrd‐Hansen, N.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1996.tb00054.x

Cited by 90 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…In spite of the low bioavailability it was possible to obtain therapeutically active concentrations up to 6 hr after administration of 50 mg/kg body weight to fasted as well as fed pigs. The bioavailability of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline was 3%, 18% and 11% respectively in fasted pigs versus 3%, 5% and 6% in the group of fed pigs (Nielsen & Gyrd-Hansen 1996). Based on the bioavailability and the resulting plasma concentrations it was concluded that it was not possible to obtain a therapeutically active concentration in plasma or tissues after oral administration of any of the three tetracyclines to fed or fasted pigs.…”

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confidence: 92%

Bioavailability of Enrofloxacin after Oral Administration to Fed and Fasted Pigs

Nielsen

Gyrd‐Hansen

1997

Pharmacology & Toxicology

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The disposition of enrofloxacin was measured after intravenous and oral administration to pigs. Eight clinically healthy pigs weighing 25 to 40 kg received a dose of 5 mg/kg intravenously and 10 mg/kg orally in both a fasted and a fed condition in a three-way cross-over design. Enrofloxacin was present in plasma for up to 72 hr after both intravenous and oral administration to fasted as well as fed pigs. The steady state volume of distribution was determined to 3.950.5 Vkg body weight which indicates that enrofloxacin was widely distributed in the body. The bioavailability was determined to 83213% in fed and to 101?32% in fasted pigs. Based on the bioavailability and the resulting plasma concentrations it is concluded that a therapeutically active concentration for the most common porcine microbial pathogens are maintained for at least 24 hr after oral administration of 10 mg/kg body weight to fasted as well as to fed pigs. Ciprofloxacin which is an active metabolite of enrofloxacin was observed in plasma samples from all treated pigs, but the concentration never exceeded 0.1 pg/ml. During the first 24 hr after the administration of enrofloxacin the concentration of the metabolite made up less than 10% of the corresponding concentration of the parent compound.Bacterial infections, especially in the respiratory and alimentary tract, are very common in pigs and most often have to be treated on a flock basis. Such treatment may include large numbers of pigs, and consequently, the most practical way of dosing the animals is by oral administration of an appropriate antimicrobial agent. Oral administration of drugs to pigs may be done either by mixing the drug with feed, or by dissolving it in the drinking water. In general, the former is preferred because it may be commercially available as medicated feed; not all drugs are watersoluble, and the feed may hide any unpleasant taste of the drug. Mixing of drug and feed may, however, result in interactions affecting the bioavailability of the drug and thereby the possibilities of achieving therapeutically active concentrations at the site of the infection (Palmer et al. 1983;Kniffen et al. 1989). Furthermore, it can be assumed that the influence of feed present in the gastrointestinal tract on the absorption of orally administered drugs will not be the same for different drugs (Yu et al. 1990;Baggot 1992;Sutter et al. 1993). Previous studies with sulphadiazine and trimethoprim (Nielsen & Gyrd-Hansen 1994a) have shown that the bioavailability of these two compounds after oral administration to fasted pigs was 89% and 90%, respectively, versus 85% and 92% in the group of fed pigs. Thus the bioavailability was not significantly influenced by the presence of feed in the gastrointestinal tract. For penicillin V the oral bioavailability was only 19% in fasted and 17% in (Nielsen & Gyrd-Hansen 1994b). In spite of the low bioavailability it was possible to obtain therapeutically active concentrations up to 6 hr after administration of 50 mg/kg body weight to fasted as...

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Bioavailability of Enrofloxacin after Oral Administration to Fed and Fasted Pigs

Nielsen

Gyrd‐Hansen

1997

Pharmacology & Toxicology

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“…Oxytetracycline (OTC) is an antimicrobial drug widely used in intensive farming to treat enteric and respiratory diseases [1,2]. Due to oral administration and its pharmacokinetic, OTC dosage is in the range of g kg −1 medicated feeds and it is found in animal waste at concentrations of mg kg −1 [3].…”

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confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of oxytetracycline by Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium: a mycoremediation technique

Migliore

Fiori

Spadoni

et al. 2012

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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a b s t r a c tOxytetracycline (OTC) is administered in high doses to livestocks and enters the environmental compartments as a consequence of animal waste disposal. As a first step in setting up a useful mycoremediation technique, an OTC lab degradation test was performed in liquid medium using the ligninolytic fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. OTC disappearance in culture medium was clearly evident as early as the third day of exposure onwards, with an almost complete removal after 14 d. The drug removal was mediated by fungal absorption in the mycelia, where the OTC molecule underwent a degradation step, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry analyses. A putative degradation product, ADOTC (2-acetyl-2-decarboxamidooxytetracycline) is proposed. Experimental conditions excluded OTC abiotic degradation; the degradation by extracellular laccase was also experimentally discarded.

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“…Tetracyclines are excreted in active form in urine and feces (23) and can also be detected in animal manure slurry and manured soil (6,13,29). Therefore, the use of tetracyclines may exert selective pressure not only on bacteria within the intestinal system but also on bacteria in close contact with the environment of a pigsty or with animal manure.…”

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Class 1 Integrons and Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Alcaligenes , Arthrobacter , and Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Pigsties and Manured Soil

Agersø

Sandvang

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

134

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The presence of tetracycline resistance (Tc r ) genes and class I integrons (in-1), and their ability to cotransfer were investigated in Tc r gram-negative (185 strains) and gram-positive (72 strains) bacteria from Danish farmland and pigsties. The isolates belonged to the groups or species Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Arthrobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The 257 isolates were screened for in-1. Eighty-one of the gram-negative isolates were also screened for the Tc r genes tet(A), tet(B), and tet(C), and all (n ‫؍‬ 72) gram-positive isolates were screened for tet(33). Fourteen (7%) of the soil isolates and eleven (25%) of the pigsty isolates contained in-1. All isolates that contained tet genes also contained in-1, except one gram-negative isolate from a pigsty that contained tet(B). All gram-positive isolates with in-1 also contained tet(33). No isolates contained more than one tet gene. The in-1-positive isolates were tested for resistance to selected antimicrobial agents and showed resistance to three to nine drugs. Filter-mating experiments showed cotransfer of Tc r and class I integrons from soil isolates to Escherichia coli and/or Pseudomonas putida. We conclude that soil bacteria in close contact to manure or pigsty environment may thus have an important role in horizontal spread of resistance. Use of tetracyclines in food animal production may increase not only Tc r but also multidrug resistance (caused by the presence tet genes and in-1) in bacteria.

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Bioavailability of oxytetracycline, tetracycline and chlortetracycline after oral administration to fed and fasted pigs

Cited by 90 publications

References 16 publications

Bioavailability of Enrofloxacin after Oral Administration to Fed and Fasted Pigs

Bioavailability of Enrofloxacin after Oral Administration to Fed and Fasted Pigs

Biodegradation of oxytetracycline by Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium: a mycoremediation technique

Class 1 Integrons and Tetracycline Resistance Genes in Alcaligenes , Arthrobacter , and Pseudomonas spp. Isolated from Pigsties and Manured Soil

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