Bioavailability of butachlor and myclobutanil residues in soil to earthworms

Prediction of Bioavailability of Chlorpyrifos Residues in Soil to Earthworms

“…Such declines indicate that organic compounds in soil become increasingly more resistant to extraction with time. Similar phenomena have been observed in other studies with dieldrin (Morrison et al, 2000), butachlor and myclobutanil (Yu et al, 2005),phthalate congeners (e.g.,DBP and DEHP) (Hu et al,2005), PAHs such as pyrene, anthracene, phenanthrene,chrysene,benz [a]anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene (Johnson et al, 2002;Tang et al, 2002), and DDT, DDE and DDD (Morrison et al, 2000;Fang et al, 2010).…”

“…In addition, sorption and transport-related processes may cause the toxicants to become progressively less bioavailable than ones freshly added to soil. This phenomenon could obviously be observed in the cases of the availability of pesticides such as atrazine (Kelsey et al, 1997), dieldrin (Morrison et al,2000), butachlor and myclobutanil (Yu et al, 2005), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (Gao,2009), and DDT, DDE and DDD (Morrison et al, 2000;Fang et al, 2010), phthalate congeners (e.g., di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (Hu et al, 2005), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) (Kelsey et al, 1997;Johnson et al, 2002;Tang et al, 2002) to earthworms, and the biodegradability of 4-nitrophenol (Hatzinger and Alexander, 1995), atrazine and phenanthrene (Kelsey et al, 1997;Chung and Alexander, 1998) by bacteria. The time-dependent decline in bioavailability has been termed aging (Hatzinger and Alexander, 1995).…”

“…Numerous chemical or physical techniques have been developed to measure the bioavailability of organic chemicals in soil in the past twenty years. For example,C 18 membrane disks and Tenax TA beads (Tang and Alexander,1999;Tang et al, 2002), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE) (Hawthorne and Grabanski, 2000), multicolumn system (Zhao and Voice, 2000), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) (Tao et al, 2004), semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) (Menchai et al, 2008), matrix solid-phase microextraction (matrix-SPME) (Trimble et al, 2008;Fang et al, 2010),and nonexhaustive extraction using a variety or combination of organic solvents or other extractants (Kelsey et al, 1997;Tang and Alexander, 1999;Cuypers et al, 2000;Reid et al, 2000b;Tang et al, 2002;Hu et al, 2005;Yu et al, 2005). In general, these techniques may be efficient for predicting bioavailability of certain chemicals in soil.…”

LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of myclobutanil, hexaconazole, diniconazole, epoxiconazole and tetraconazole enantiomers in soil and earthworms

“…Previous studies also showed that (+)-tebuconazole was accumulated from soil to earthworms with a biota to soil accumulation factor (BASF) of 1.64, whereas (-)-tebuconazole did not accumulate in earthworms [11]. Several studies have focused on the determination of triazoles in soil [12][13][14][15]. Furthermore, a number of technologies, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [16][17][18][19][20], gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis (CE) [21][22][23], supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) [24], thin layer chromatography (TLC), simulated moving bed chromatography (SMBC), countercurrent chromatography and microtechnology have been introduced in enantiomers' analysis [25,26].…”

Integration of Chemical Methods and Biomarkers for Assessment of Chlorimuron-Ethyl Bioavailability in Soil

“…Mild solvent extraction is one of the most widely applicable chemical methods because of its convenience and ease of use. It has been demonstrated as an effective method for estimating the bioavailability of many organic pollutants, including butachlor and myclobutanil (Yu et al, 2005), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Gomez-Eyles et al, 2011), and chlorobenzenes (Song et al, 2011).…”