Bioavailability, mobility, and origination of metals in sediments from Anzali Wetland, Caspian Sea

Source Identification, Bioavailability, and Risk Assessment based on Geochemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals Pb, Cu, and Zn in Surface Sediments of Kelabat Bay, Bangka Island

“…The high percentage of residual fraction of heavy Cu metals in resistant, bind strongly to sedimentary minerals (Liu et al, 2015). In general, this residual fraction shows low toxicity and is not available to be absorbed by sediments was also found in the waters of the Berau Delta, East Kalimantan (Situmorang et al, 2010), Guangdong east coast, South China (Gu and Lin, 2016), North Persian Gulf (Neyestani et al, 2016) and the Caspian Sea (Bastami et al, 2018).…”

“…In addition to the measurement of total concentration, the ratio of metals in different geochemical parts of the sediment (stable and unstable parts), can be measured to determine the origin of metals in the environment (Bastami et al, 2018). Those derived from human activities such as household, agricultural, mining, and industrial wastewater discharges tend to be labile, whereas those coming from natural sources (weathering of rocks).…”

“…Non residual fraction/ labile fraction is the sum of F1 (exchangeable fraction), F2 (reducible fraction) and F3 (oxidizable fraction). Non-residual fractions (unstable parts) are easily absorbed in Note : -= The study were not measure in spesific parameter; SQGs = Sediment Quality Guidelines; ISQG = Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines; PEL = Probable Effect Level sediment granules and have a high level of bioavailability (available in the body of the biota) (Bastami et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2018). The fractionation of Pb and Zn in inner Kelabat Bay is likely bound to the non-residual fraction (F1 + F2 + F3) or non-resistant with a range of 60.63-89.87% and 47.98-84.66% respectively (Figure 2.).…”

“…The fractionation of Pb and Zn in inner Kelabat Bay is likely bound to the non-residual fraction (F1 + F2 + F3) or non-resistant with a range of 60.63-89.87% and 47.98-84.66% respectively (Figure 2.). The high percentage of non-residual or non-resistant fraction shows the input of Pb and Zn mainly from human/ anthropogenic activities rather than natural sources (Arifin and Fadhlina, 2009;Situmorang et al, 2010;Bastami et al, 2018). The concentration of Pb and Zn also show the potential (non residual fraction> 40%) of metal mobility and bioavailability on the surface of the sediment (Delshab et al, 2017;Gu, 2018).…”

“…Pollution in the marine environment has become a problem on a local, regional and global scale. Heavy metals have specifications that are difficult to degrade, accumulated in the body of organisms, high toxicity, and carcinogenic (Bastami et al, 2018). Water sedimens generally used as an indicator in monitoring water pollution for it can store most of the contaminants.…”