Bioanalytical methods for determining ecstasy components in biological matrices: A review

Interpol review of controlled substances 2016–2019

“…“Ecstasy Tablets” (that is, Tablets or Powders specified in their Titles or Abstracts as Ecstasy – these may in fact contain MDMA, a mixture of MDMA with one or more other Drugs, or only one or more non-MDMA Drugs): 2016 Chemical profiling of ecstasy tablets seized in the State of Sao Paulo (Brazil) by FT-Raman spectroscopy analysis and confirmed by GC-MS [ 959 ]; development of GC-MS for identification of 3, 4-MDMA impurities in ecstasy tablets [ 960 ]; 2017 identification of the need for more research on powder MDMA ( Molly) use and purity [ 961 ] 2018 identification and quantification of MDMA and other psychoactive substances in ecstasy tablets seized by the Brazilian Federal Police by GC and quantitative H-1 NMR based on an internal standard approach (IS–H-1-qNMR) [ 962 ]; emergence of super strength ecstasy pills (MDMA) [ 963 ]; physical profiling combined with ATR-FTIR spectral matching, multi-component/deconvolution analysis and correlation were used prove that in five cases of tablets seized by local law enforcement forces in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil were genuine sildenafil tablets from a specific manufacturer, painted in a colorful way so that they could be marketed as MDMA tablets [ 964 ]; presumptive method for identification of drugs in seized ecstasy tablets (n = 92) using ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and partial least squares discriminant analysis [ 965 ]; seized ecstasy samples were analyzed to obtain their chemical profiles to determine origin of the seizures [ 966 ]; review of the most relevant analytical methodologies (sample preparation and instrumental techniques) used to determine the ecstasy components in complex matrices [ 967 ]; Chemical profiling of seized ecstasy tablets by determination of 25 elements by ICP-MS [ 968 ]; 2019 GC-MS and UV characterization of seized ecstasy tablets after screening using NIR and Mid-IR spectroscopy in combination with partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and-regression (PLS) to differentiate MDMA positive and negative tablets [ 969 ].…”

Sensor application of doped C60 fullerenes in detection of 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine as an alternative to ecstasy

“…N-substituted piperazines are reported to show anti-cancer and antimicrobial properties (Jiang and Huang, 2012;Liang et al, 2004;Menezes et al, 2016). Some piperazine derived compounds have appeared in the illicit drug market and 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) is one of them (Andrés-Costa et al, 2017;Da Silva et al, 2018;Majrashi et al, 2018;Nikolova and Danchev, 2014;Staack et al, 2007). It is reported that TFMPP is able to lead psychoactive effects like those of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine commonly known as ecstasy (Haroz and Greenberg, 2006;Tsutsumi et al, 2005;Yarosh et al, 2007).…”

Dried Spots associado com um método LC-DAD para determinação simultânea de MDMA (ecstasy) e MDA em amostras de fluído oral

“…O limite de detecção reportado para ambos os analitos alcança valores de até 1,0 ng mL -1 em amostras de fluido oral (ES'HAGHI et al, 2010;MENG;WANG, 2010). Em amostras de urina, cabelo e sangue, valores de LD de 0,03, 0,0005, 0,04 ng mL -1 foram reportados para o MDMA com uso das técnicas de microextração em fase sólida (SPME), extração em fase sólida (SPE) e extração líquido-líquido (LLE) (SILVA et al, 2018), respectivamente.…”

“…O NPD, por sua vez, tem sido utilizado acoplado ao GC para determinação de muitas drogas em fluidos biológicos devido sua natureza seletiva (CODY, 2008;SILVA et al, 2018).…”

“…Quanto ao FID, de menor sensibilidade em relação ao MS e cujo princípio é baseado na detecção de íons formados pela combustão de compostos orgânicos, foi observado com valores de até 500 ng mL -1 na detecção de MDMA em comprimidos de ecstasy (MITREVSKI; ZDRAVKOVSKI, 2005), não sendo reportados trabalhos em fluido oral (SILVA et al, 2018).…”