“…While chemical control represents the most efficacious approach, it carries significant environmental and human health risks (Aouinty et al, 2006), including the development of pesticide resistance (Das & Rahman, 2023). Consequently, an optimal solution involves the substitution of pesticides with biological alternatives, especially those derived from natural products such as aromatic plants and essential oils (EOs) (Abdelhakim et al, 2013;De Melo et al, 2023;El-Akhal et al, 2015). Despite the recognition of the potential of plant-derived EOs, particularly those from aromatic plants, as effective alternatives, it is noteworthy that the existing research has predominantly focused on evaluating their efficacy against C. pipiens larvae (Baz et al, 2022;El-Kasem Bosly, 2022;Khater et al, 2023).…”