Bioactivity analysis of calcium silicate‐based sealers and repair cements on the phenotype and cytokine secretion profile of CD14⁺ monocytes: An ex vivo study

Abstract

Aim: This study evaluated the immune bioactivity of testing media (TM) obtained from different calcium silicate-based sealers and cements on monocyte morphology, activation, differentiation and cytokine secretion.Methods: Blood-derived CD14 + monocytes were isolated and cultured for 5 days with 25% TM from the following calcium silicate-based materials: TotalFill BC RRM Fast-Set Putty, Biodentine, TotalFill BC Sealer and BioRoot-Root-Canal-Sealer (RCS). A resin-based endodontic cement was used as a control. The expression of surface markers such as CD86, HLA-DR, CD16, CD309 and CD209, and cytokine secretion were analysed by flow cytometry. Data were analysed using the one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (anova) multiple comparison test and a Holm-Sidak multiple comparison post-hoc test (p < .05).Results: This comparative analysis revealed that monocytes co-cultured with calcium silicate-based materials showed a spindle-shaped morphology compared with the round shape observed in the control. Regarding activation markers, BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly increased CD86 expression compared with the control sample, whereas no significant differences (p > .05) were observed in HLA-DR expression. In addition, no differences were observed among the differentiation markers. When the inflammatory cytokines were analysed, BioRoot-RCS increased the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α, whereas BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly decreased IL-8 production (p < .05).Conclusions: These data showed that the calcium silicate-based materials tested changed the morphology of CD14 + monocytes; however, only BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly upregulated CD86. In addition, BioRoot-RCS was the sealer with the highest immunomodulatory properties for cytokine production which means that it can contribute with the in vivo healing process and regeneration of periapical lesions.

Real‐time evaluation of the biocompatibility of calcium silicate‐based endodontic cements: An in vitro study

“…Their use is suggested to record the effect of biomaterials, even at the DNA level, as the cells can simulate periapical inflammation, characterized by an infiltration of leukocytes, mainly polymorphonuclear cells, followed by monocytes (Velard et al, 2010 ). Among the limitations of this study, the approximation of the clinical behavior of these materials can be improved with bioactivity and cytokine secretion assays to evaluate their action in inflammation, repair, and healing of tissue lesions (Castro‐Jara et al, 2023 ; Talabani et al, 2020 ). Additionally, this study only evaluated biocompatibility indirectly through a test medium, but it should also be evaluated through direct contact of cells with these materials to have more complete results that can serve as a guide for the next clinical work.…”

Comparative bioactivity and immunomodulatory potential of the new Bioroot Flow and AH Plus Bioceramic sealer: An in vitro study on hPDLSCs

“…Another important property of endodontic sealers is their immunomodulatory potential [ 16 ]. After the inflammation as a response to the infection resolves, local DSCs can migrate, proliferate, and differentiate to promote tissue neoformation [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Premixed calcium silicate‐based ceramic sealers promote osteogenic/cementogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells: A microscopy study

“…TotalFill BC Sealer is a bioceramic-based sealer known for its exceptional sealing properties and biocompatibility. The composition of TotalFill BC Sealer consists of a combination of bioceramic powders (tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, calcium phosphate monobasic, and calcium hydroxide) and a liquid component, which, when mixed together, form a flowable paste that can be applied within the root canal system to promote a biological sealing (Castro-Jara et al, 2023).…”

“…TotalFill BC Sealer is a bioceramic‐based sealer known for its exceptional sealing properties and biocompatibility. The composition of TotalFill BC Sealer consists of a combination of bioceramic powders (tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, calcium phosphate monobasic, and calcium hydroxide) and a liquid component, which, when mixed together, form a flowable paste that can be applied within the root canal system to promote a biological sealing (Castro‐Jara et al, 2023). AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer (AHPbc) is a new premixed calcium silicate‐based ceramic sealer designed to provide optimal clinical results by combining the advantages of premixed sealers with the bioactive properties of bioceramics (Souza et al, 2023; Zamparini et al, 2022).…”