Bioactive Polysaccharides of Vegetable and Microbial Origins: An Overview

Tommonaro, Giuseppina; Poli, Annarita; Donato, Paola Di; Abbamondi, Gennaro Roberto; Finore, Ilaria; Nicolaus, Barbara

doi:10.1002/9781119041450.ch1

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…Interestingly, EPS2-B3-15 treatment induced the highest levels of Th1 cytokines, and at the same time showed the best antiviral activity compared with the other EPSs tested. Hence, these results confirm our hypothesis that the EPSs could be able to restore the immune response involved in controlling viral replication [ 54 , 55 , 56 ]. As stimulators of Th1 cell-mediated immunity, these biopolymers could be used as therapy in immunocompromised hosts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Role of Bacterial Exopolysaccharides as Agents in Counteracting Immune Disorders Induced by Herpes Virus

et al. 2015

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Extreme marine environments, such as the submarine shallow vents of the Eolian Islands (Italy), offer an almost unexplored source of microorganisms producing unexploited and promising biomolecules for pharmaceutical applications. Thermophilic and thermotolerant bacilli isolated from Eolian vents are able to produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs) with antiviral and immunomodulatory effects against Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 is responsible for the most common and continuously increasing viral infections in humans. Due to the appearance of resistance to the available treatments, new biomolecules exhibiting different mechanisms of action could provide novel agents for treating viral infections. The EPSs hinder the HSV-2 replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but not in WISH (Wistar Institute Susan Hayflic) cells line, indicating that cell-mediated immunity was involved in the antiviral activity. High levels of Th1-type cytokines were detected in PBMC treated with all EPSs, while Th2-type cytokines were not induced. These EPSs are water soluble exopolymers able to stimulate the immune response and thus contribute to the antiviral immune defense, acting as immunomodulators. As stimulants of Th1 cell-mediated immunity, they could lead to the development of novel drugs as alternative in the treatment of herpes virus infections, as well as in immunocompromised host.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Role of Bacterial Exopolysaccharides as Agents in Counteracting Immune Disorders Induced by Herpes Virus

et al. 2015

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“…Polysaccharides are biopolymers comprised of monosaccharides [ 1 ] that are essential constituents of all living organisms and are associated with a variety of vital functions necessary to sustain life [ 2 ]. Polysaccharides can be classified into three different main groups according to their locations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polysaccharides can be classified into three different main groups according to their locations. These are (a) cytosolic or intracellular polysaccharides (IPSs) which are inside cells and serve as carbon and energy sources for the cells; (b) structural polysaccharides that make up the cell walls, including peptidoglycans, techoid acids, and lipopolysaccharides; and (c) exopolysaccharides (EPSs) that are excreted to the extracellular environment in the form of capsules or slime [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxicity activities and chemical characteristics of exopolysaccharides and intracellular polysaccharides of Physarum polycephalum microplasmodia

et al. 2021

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Background Microbial polysaccharides have been reported to possess remarkable bioactivities. Physarum polycephalum is a species of slime mold for which the microplasmodia are capable of rapid growth and can produce a significant amount of cell wall-less biomass. There has been a limited understanding of the polysaccharides produced by microplasmodia of slime molds, including P. polycephalum. Thus, the primary objectives of this research were first to chemically characterize the exopolysaccharides (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) of P. polycephalum microplasmodia and then to evaluate their cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines. Results The yields of the crude EPS (4.43 ± 0.44 g/l) and partially purified (deproteinated) EPS (2.95 ± 0.85 g/l) were comparable (p > 0.05) with the respective crude IPS (3.46 ± 0.36 g/l) and partially purified IPS (2.45 ± 0.36 g/l). The average molecular weight of the EPS and IPS were 14,762 kDa and 1788 kDa. The major monomer of the EPS was galactose (80.22%), while that of the IPS was glucose (84.46%). Both crude and purified IPS samples showed significantly higher cytotoxicity toward Hela cells, especially the purified sample and none of the IPSs inhibited normal cells. Only 38.42 ± 2.84% Hela cells remained viable when treated with the partially purified IPS (1 mg/ml). However, although only 34.76 ± 6.58% MCF-7 cells were viable when exposed to the crude IPS, but the partially purified IPS displayed non-toxicity to MCF-7 cells. This suggested that the cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 would come from some component associated with the crude IPS sample (e.g. proteins, peptides or ion metals) and the purification process would have either completely removed or reduced amount of that component. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry suggested that the mechanism of the toxicity of the crude IPS toward MCF-7 and the partially purified IPS toward Hela cells was due to apoptosis. Conclusions The EPS and IPS of P. polycephalum microplasmodia had different chemical properties including carbohydrate, protein and total sulfate group contents, monosaccharide composition and molecular weights, which led to different cytotoxicity activities. The crude and partially purified IPSs would be potential materials for further study relating to cancer treatment.

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Bioactive Polysaccharides of Vegetable and Microbial Origins: An Overview

Cited by 2 publications

References 127 publications

Role of Bacterial Exopolysaccharides as Agents in Counteracting Immune Disorders Induced by Herpes Virus

Role of Bacterial Exopolysaccharides as Agents in Counteracting Immune Disorders Induced by Herpes Virus

Cytotoxicity activities and chemical characteristics of exopolysaccharides and intracellular polysaccharides of Physarum polycephalum microplasmodia

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