Bioactive Materials for Bone Regeneration: Biomolecules and Delivery Systems

Abstract

Novel tissue regeneration strategies are constantly being developed worldwide. Research on bone regeneration is noteworthy, as many promising new approaches have been documented with novel strategies currently under investigation. Innovative biomaterials that allow the coordinated and wellcontrolled repair of bone fractures and bone loss are being designed to reduce the need for autologous or allogeneic bone grafts eventually. The current engineering technologies permit the construction of synthetic, complex, biomimetic biomaterials with properties nearly as good as those of natural bone with good biocompatibility. To ensure that all these requirements meet, bioactive molecules are coupled to structural scaffolding constituents to form a final product with the desired physical, chemical, and biological properties. Bioactive molecules that have been used to promote bone regeneration include protein growth factors, peptides, amino acids, hormones, lipids, and flavonoids. Various strategies have been adapted to investigate the coupling of bioactive molecules with scaffolding materials to sustain activity and allow controlled release. The current manuscript is a thorough survey of the strategies that have been exploited for the delivery of biomolecules for bone regeneration purposes, from choosing the bioactive molecule to selecting the optimal strategy to synthesize the scaffold and assessing the advantages and disadvantages of various delivery strategies.

Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Laden Nanocomposite Scaffolds Enhance Bone Regeneration in Rabbit Critical-Size Segmental Bone Defect Model

“…Biomaterials, including bioactive ceramics and biopolymers, play crucial roles in bone regeneration by providing structural support, promoting cellular attachment and proliferation, and facilitating the formation of new bone tissue [ 46 ]. Bioactive ceramics, such as HA and TCP, have excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, making them ideal for bone regeneration.…”

“…When implanted, bioactive ceramics can stimulate osteogenic cell activity and promote the deposition of new bone matrix, leading to enhanced bone regeneration. Additionally, they can act as scaffolds for cell attachment and proliferation, providing a conducive environment for bone formation [ 46 , 47 ]. Biopolymers, on the other hand, offer versatility and tunability in terms of mechanical properties and degradation rates, making them suitable for various bone regeneration applications [ 46 , 48 ].…”

“…Additionally, they can act as scaffolds for cell attachment and proliferation, providing a conducive environment for bone formation [ 46 , 47 ]. Biopolymers, on the other hand, offer versatility and tunability in terms of mechanical properties and degradation rates, making them suitable for various bone regeneration applications [ 46 , 48 ]. Biopolymers like polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), and their copolymer PLGA are widely used in bone tissue engineering due to their biodegradability and ability to support cell growth [ 48 ].…”

Spatial Growth Factor Delivery for 3D Bioprinting of Vascularized Bone with Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells as a Single Cell Source

“…Controlled release of bioactive agents from scaffolds is a critical research focus in regenerative medicine because modulating cellular activities plays a significant role in the regeneration process. − Since the natural bone formation process is fairly complex and involves multiple growth factors released in different regions of the bone tissue, delivering multiple factors to the forming tissue microenvironment is essential . Scaffold-based applications of bone tissue engineering have introduced innovative concepts over the last few decades to construct multifaceted tissue grafts capable of fulfilling all necessary functions .…”

Promoting osteogenesis and bone regeneration employing icariin-loaded nanoplatforms

“…In response to these challenges, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has emerged as a promising approach to regenerate and repair damaged bone tissue [ 17 , 18 ]. By integrating principles of biology, materials science, and engineering, BTE aims to develop biomimetic scaffolds, bioactive molecules, and cell-based therapies to promote bone healing and regeneration [ 19 , 20 ]. BTE is an evolving field within regenerative medicine, aimed at addressing challenges posed by bone disorders, fractures, and critical-sized bone defects [ 21 , 22 ].…”