Bioactive compounds of rice (Oryza sativa L.): Review on paradigm and its potential benefit in human health

Phenolic Compounds and Potential Health Benefits of Pigmented Rice

“…Pigmented rice is diverse in the color, mainly due to the grain's high anthocyanin content. Several pigmented rice including black, brown, dark brown, dark purple and red-grain rice have been reported have been reported, which its color is depend upon the kinds of pigment colors [17].…”

“…When the anthocyanidins are bonded to a sugar moiety in the glycosidic linkage, they are known as anthocyanins [26]. In plants, they are found in mono, di, or tri of O-glycosides and acylglycosides of anthocyanidins [17]. Individual differences in anthocyanidins are related to the number of hydroxyl groups; the nature, number and position of sugars linked to the molecule; and the presence of aliphatic or aromatic acids attached to the sugar molecule.…”

“…The extraction ratio was a material to solvent at 1:10 (w/v) [30]. In addition, in cold conditions, methanol (85%) and HCl (1 mol/L) was found to be an appropriate extraction solvent for anthocyanins, along with 85% methanol or 70:29.5:0.5, v/v acetone:water:acetic acid for free proanthocyanidins [17].…”

“…Interestingly, an increased incidence in non-communicate including heart disease, Type II diabetes, obesity, and cancers in both developing and developed countries has been observed. Recently, pigmented rice varieties have gained an increase in attention from consumers due to its high nutritional value and bioactive compounds, providing its potential health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic [8,11,16,17]. In addition, many epidemiological and interventional studies have reported that the consumption of fruits and vegetables, cereal, whole grains, wine, cocoa, coffee and tea can reduce the risks of non-communicable disease including obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, Type II diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases [18,19].…”

Phytosterols content of Keunnunjami germ and its antioxidative effects in adult rats

“…쌀과 쌀의 부산물 생산량을 볼 때 1 kg 당 배유 700 g, 왕겨 200 g, 미강 80 g, 배아 20 g 정도이 다 [14]. 쌀의 일반 성분을 비교해 보면 배아는 수분과 당질을 제외한 lipid, protein, fiber, ash 의 함량이 배유보다 월등히 많다고 보고되었으며 [15], flavonoid, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, vitamin E isoforms, γ-oryzanol, coumaric acid, phytic acid, tricin 등 대부 분 생리 활성 성분은 미강과 배아에 함유되어 있다 [16]. 또한 쌀의 주요 phytosterols은 β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol 및 ∆ 5 -avenasterol로 구성되어 있으며 [17], Yoshida와 Niki [18] 의 연구에 따라 phytosterols은 화학적으로 항산화제, radical scavenger, 물리적으로 세포막에 서 stabilizer로 작용한다고 보고되었다.…”