Bioactive Compounds in Edible Oils and Their Role in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Abstract

Diet and inflammatory response are recognized as strictly related, and interest in exploring the potential of edible fats and oils for health and chronic diseases is emerging worldwide. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in fish oil (FO), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may be partly converted into oxygenated bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory and/or pro-resolving activities. Moreover, the co-presence of phenolic compounds and vitamins in edible oils may prevent the development of chronic diseases by their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. Finally, a high content in mono-unsaturated fatty acids may improve the serum lipid profile and decrease the alterations caused by the oxidized low-density lipoproteins and free radicals. The present review aims to highlight the role of lipids and other bioactive compounds contained in edible oils on oxidative stress and inflammation, focusing on critical and controversial issues that recently emerged, and pointing to the opposing role often played by edible oils components and their oxidized metabolites.

Blood Fatty Acids Profile in MIS-C Children

“…Together with cytokines, lipid mediators also play a critical role in the physiological evolution of the acute inflammatory reaction: oxygenated metabolites arising from ω6 PUFA may participate in both the propagation and the resolution of the inflammatory response [44], but they mainly exert potent proinflammatory and prothrombotic activities. Indeed, specifically targeting the production and the activity of AA-derived leukotrienes has been proposed as a novel approach to modulate the hyperinflammatory state in COVID-19 subjects [27], and increased concentrations of LA-derived leukotoxin diols were detected in the plasma of severe COVID-19 patients [45].…”

Nutritional Enhancement of Health Beneficial Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Muscle, Liver, Kidney, and Heart of Tattykeel Australian White MARGRA Lambs Fed Pellets Fortified with Omega-3 Oil in a Feedlot System

“…EPA + DPA + DHA are known to promote intellectual development in infancy, relieve inflammation, boost the immune system, reduce incidences of cardiovascular diseases, some cancers, diabetes, allergies, behavioral disorders, and sustain retinal functions [9][10][11][12]. However, humans, like all mammals, cannot synthesize n-3 LC-PUFA because they are unable to produce ∆12 and ∆15-desaturase enzymes [13], hence, rely on dietary sources like leafy vegetables, oilseeds, nuts, eggs, and seafood, especially fish and crustaceans [10,14], edible marine algae, bacteria, fungi, diatoms, fruits, and herbs [15], to meet their daily n-3 LC-PUFA requirements. Oilseeds commonly used in human diets include rapeseed [16] and soybean [17], while seed oils from waste food by-products such as tomato [18] and citrus [19] are cheap animal feed sources that can enhance healthy fatty acid composition.…”

New Insights on the Effects of Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Impaired Skin Healing in Diabetes and Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers

“…However, it has been observed that not all individuals have identical efficiency in metabolically converting ALA into EPA and DHA, in relation to the specific isoform of the enzymes (desaturases) constitutively possessed [8]. Thus, genetic characteristics and epigenetic modulation of the expression of these enzymes may render different individuals high or low producers of LC Omega-3 PUFAs from dietary ALA. On the other hand, in most cases, ALA itself has shown fewer anti-inflammatory properties [9] than EPA and DHA, even though some studies have shown that ALA metabolites (i.e., phytoprostanes, 13-hydroxy octadecadienoic acid and 13-oxo-octadecadienoic acid) possess anti-inflammatory activities [10][11][12].…”

“…Within the specific context of our review, we especially focused on those reports investigating the mechanisms through which these compounds and their bioactive products may act, with particular attention to the most recent developments in this area of research. We focused here on the effects of treatments with EPA and DHA, but not on the effects of ALA treatments, due to relatively scarce anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving and pro-repairing effects shown by this shorter-chain Omega-3 PUFA [9].…”