Bioactive Compounds Effective Against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (adult onset diabetes) is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for around 90% of all diabetes cases with insulin resistance and insulin secretion defect. The key goal of anti-diabetic therapy is to increase the development of insulin, immunity and/or decrease the amount of blood glucose. While many synthetic compounds have been produced as anti-diabetic agents, due to their side effects and limited effectiveness, their usefulness has been hindered. This systematic review investigated the bioactive compounds reported to possess activities against type 2 diabetes. Three (3) databases, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, were searched for research articles published between January 2010 and October 2020. A total of 6464 articles were identified, out of which 84 articles were identified to be eligible for the study. From the data extracted, it was found that quercetin, Kaempferol, Rosmarinic acid, Cyanidin, Rutin, Catechin, Luteolin, and Ellagic acid were the most cited bioactive compounds, which all falls within the class of polyphenolic compounds. The major sources of these bioactive compounds include citrus fruits, grapes, onions, berries, cherries, broccoli, honey, apples, green tea, Ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort, green beans, cucumber, spinach, tea, Rosmarinus officinalis, Aloe vera, Moringa oleifera, tomatoes, potatoes, oregano, lemon balm, thyme, peppermint, Ocimum basilicum, red cabbage, peas, olive oil, and walnut. In conclusion, the data collected in our study indicates that consumption of polyphenolic/flavonoids rich food and vegetables as a routine diet could considerably reduce the risk of T2DM and also benefits insulin sensitivity and other chronic inflammations.

Moringa oleifera Leaf Supplementation as a Glycemic Control Strategy in Subjects with Prediabetes

“…Regarding other potential mechanisms to explain the attenuation of hyperglycemia with MO, it has been suggested that herbal extracts [ 29 ] and specifically an ethanolic extract of MO leaves can inhibit the activity of intestinal α-glucosidase, which was mainly attributed to flavonoids in MO [ 30 ]. Some screened phytochemicals undergoing molecular docking and pharmacophoric studies have also revealed stable binding to the active binding pocket of the mutated insulin receptor, showing that they can be used as potential therapeutic drug candidates against DM [ 31 ].…”

Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Oxidative Stress-Induced Human Diseases: Insights Into Protective Effects, Antioxidant Potentials and Mechanism(s) of Action

“…Increased intake of foods containing polyphenols (for example, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, cyanidin etc.) has been claimed to lower the incidence of a majority of chronic oxidative cellular damage, DNA damage, tissue inflammations, various cancers, viral/bacterial infections, and neurodegenerative diseases ( Pandey and Rizvi, 2009 ; Shahidi and Ambigaipalan, 2015 ; Egbuna et al, 2021 ; Khan et al, 2021 ).…”

A Novel PTP1B Inhibitor-Phosphate of Polymannuronic Acid Ameliorates Insulin Resistance by Regulating IRS-1/Akt Signaling

“…In summary, we identified LPMP as a PTP1B inhibitor and investigated its underlying anti-diabetic mechanism. Currently approved drugs on the market for the treatment of T2DM include metformin, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and SGLT1/2 inhibitors, all of which are associated with more or fewer side effects [ 61 ]. Additionally, PTP1B is a promising drug target for the treatment of T2DM and obesity.…”