Bioactive and immunoreactive variants of prolactin in milk and serum of lactating rats and their pups

Kacsóh, B.; Veress, Z.; Tóth, Béla; Avery, Leon; Grosvenor, Clark E.

doi:10.1677/joe.0.1380243

Cited by 55 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…After (Ϫ/Ϫ) mice receiving PRL or (ϩ/Ϫ) mice receiving saline were killed, trunk blood was taken to determine PRL bioactivity by means of the Nb2 lymphoma assay as described previously (Kacsó h et al, 1993;Kacsó h, 1997).…”

Section: Determination Of Plasma Prl Bioactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Is Reduced in Prolactin-Deficient Mice

Obál¹,

García-García²,

Kacsóh³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

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Prolactin (PRL) is implicated in the modulation of spontaneous rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Previous models of hypoprolactinemic animals were characterized by changes in REMS, although associated deficits made it difficult to ascribe changes in REMS to reduced PRL. In the current studies, male PRL knock-out (KO) mice were used; these mice lack functional PRL but have no known additional deficits. Spontaneous REMS was reduced in the PRL KO mice compared with wild-type or heterozygous littermates. Infusion of PRL for 11-12 d into PRL KO mice restored their REMS to that occurring in wild-type or heterozygous controls. Six hours of sleep deprivation induced a non-REMS and a REMS rebound in both PRL KO mice and heterozygous littermates, although the REMS rebound in the KOs was substantially less. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) induced REMS responses in heterozygous mice but not in KO mice. Similarly, an ether stressor failed to enhance REMS in the PRL KOs but did in heterozygous littermates. Finally, hypothalamic mRNA levels for PRL, VIP, neural nitric oxide synthase (NOS), inducible NOS, and the interferon type I receptor were similar in KO and heterozygous mice. In contrast, tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA was lower in the PRL KO mice than in heterozygous controls and was restored to control values by infusion of PRL, suggesting a functioning short-loop negative feedback regulation in PRL KO mice. Data support the notion that PRL is involved in REMS regulation.

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Section: Determination Of Plasma Prl Bioactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Is Reduced in Prolactin-Deficient Mice

Obál¹,

García-García²,

Kacsóh³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

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“…PLs act on PRL-R and its central infusion has been shown to stimulate the maternal behavior [17]. It has been known that maternal PRL in most mammalian species is rapidly secreted into the milk to levels greater than plasma levels in the mothers [18] and that PRL in rat milk is transferred to the circulation of the pups with full retention of biological activity [19]. Therefore, the PRL-KO mice might possibly take the action of maternal PRL in the milk at the suckling stage.…”

Section: Effects Of Prolactin On Maternal Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-Specific Control of Prolactin Receptor Gene Expression Correlated with Induction of Maternal Behavior in the Rat.

Tanaka

2002

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. Prolactin (PRL) is known to be one of the hormone involved in the induction of maternal behavior. Recent observation that PRL receptor (PRL-R)-knock-out (KO) mice show a deficiency in pup contact-induced maternal behavior indicates that PRL-R plays an essential role in the induction of the maternal behavior. However, PRL-KO mice exhibit no abnormality in the maternal behavior. This discrepancy in the maternal behavior between PRL-R-and PRL-KO mice suggests that actions of maternal PRL or placental lactogens (PLs) to the fetus and/or the pups are critical for the maternal behavior at adulthoods. In rat brain, the expression of mRNA for the long form PRL-R increases during maternal behavior in males and females, suggesting that PRL actions on the brain are important for maternal behavior. Expressions of rat PRL-R gene are known to be regulated in a tissuespecific manner by the promoters for multiple first exons. In addition to the three known first exons, E11, E12, and E13, we have recently identified two novel first exons, E14 and E15. E14 is expressed only in the brain with higher levels at pregnant and lactating periods compared to dioestrous period. The regulatory mechanisms for the expression of PRL-R gene in the brain associated with maternal behavior and molecular events responsive to the action of PRL on the brain to induce maternal behavior are discussed. Effects of Prolactin on Maternal BehaviorM ost fe male ma mma ls d ispla y m ater nal behavior toward the newborn at parturition. In the rat, mothers show the specific behaviors such as nest building, retrieving, crouching and licking immediately after parturition [1]. Nulliparous virgin female rats also exhibit these behaviors after 5-6 days of constant exposure to foster pups [2]. The onset of maternal behavior after parturition in mammals is controlled by endocrine states during the late gestation and lactating periods. Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone known to be involved in the induction of maternal behavior [3][4][5][6][7][8]. PRL is mainly synthesized in the anterior pituitary, and its serum concentration is markedly increased during l a t e p r e g n a n c y a n d l a c t a t i o n p e r i o d s . Administration of PRL under the presence of estrogen and progesterone promotes maternal behavior [9], and suppression of endogenous PRL secretion with bromocriptin, an inhibitor of PRL secretion, delays the onset of maternal behavior [10]. Maternal behavior of male rats which is observed after continuous exposure to the pups is also promoted by PRL administration [11].Recently, essential role of PRL on the maternal behavior has been demonstrated in the prolactin receptor (PRL-R) knock-out (KO) mice. In addition

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“…Treatment with anti-PRL antiserum increased cellularity in the thymus of newborn mice (Russell et al 1988) and treatment with PRL depressed thymocyte cellularity in Snell dwarf mice (Murphy et al 1993). In addition, observation of PRL knockout mice showed increased cellularity in the thymus compared with that in heterozygous littermates, even at 6 weeks of age (Horseman et al 1997) after exposure to PRL via the milk of foster mothers (Kacsoh et al 1993). Our study is the only one, however, to have noted that a significant proportion of the increased number of cells in the thymus were apoptotic.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Administration of unmodified prolactin (U-PRL) and a molecular mimic of phosphorylated prolactin (PP-PRL) during rat pregnancy provides evidence that the U-PRL:PP-PRL ratio is crucial to the normal development of pup tissues

Yang

Kuo²,

Liu³

et al. 2001

Journal of Endocrinology

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During rat pregnancy initial high concentrations of prolactin (PRL) decline by about day 9, concomitant with an increase in the ratio of unmodified to phosphorylated PRL. The physiological significance of both the decline in total PRL and the change in ratio of the two PRLs is unknown. To test the importance of each, either unmodified PRL (U-PRL) or a molecular mimic of phosphorylated PRL (PP-PRL) were continuously administered to rats throughout pregnancy. A dose of 6 µg/24 h resulted in circulating concentrations of 50 ng/ml of each administered PRL and had little effect on the pregnancy itself.

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Bioactive and immunoreactive variants of prolactin in milk and serum of lactating rats and their pups

Cited by 55 publications

References 0 publications

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Is Reduced in Prolactin-Deficient Mice

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Is Reduced in Prolactin-Deficient Mice

Brain-Specific Control of Prolactin Receptor Gene Expression Correlated with Induction of Maternal Behavior in the Rat.

Administration of unmodified prolactin (U-PRL) and a molecular mimic of phosphorylated prolactin (PP-PRL) during rat pregnancy provides evidence that the U-PRL:PP-PRL ratio is crucial to the normal development of pup tissues

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