Bioaccumulation of Phenol, Guaiacol and Some Chlorophenols by Selected Freshwater Species of Leeches

Abstract

In the recent study, the bioaccumulation ability of phenolic substances was determined with field-collected specimens of three leech species, i.e., Erpobdella octoculata (Linnaeus), Theromyzon tessulatum (O. F. Műller) and Glossiphonia complanata (Linneaus). It was found that the examined leeches bioaccumulated phenol (0.03-27.10 mg/kg), 4-methylphenol (0.09-1.83 mg/kg), chlorophenols (0.03-14.90 mg/kg), guaiacol (0.22-2,941 mg/kg), tetrachloroguaiacol (0.06-1.98 mg/kg), 3-chlorosyringol (0.04-15.28 mg/kg) and chlorocatechols (0.33-23.24 mg/kg) present in the water (0.03-25.23 μg/L) and in the bottom sediments (0.75-760.5 μg/kg) of three ecosystems that were characterized by different contamination levels. Analysis of both the external mucous coat of the leeches and the tissue of the dermato-muscular sac showed that substantial quantities of the phenolic compounds may be accumulated in both the mucous (0.03-2,941 mg/kg) and the tissue (0.03-1,189.8 mg/kg).

Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and 3, 5, 6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol by a novel rhizobial strain Mesorhizobium sp. HN3

“…; Grzelak et al . ; Watts ). CP and TCP toxicity has been linked to broad‐spectrum effects including neurological disorders, developmental disorders, autoimmune disorders and interruption of many vital functions in higher animals and humans (Sogorb et al .…”

“…In the environment, CP is converted to 3,5,6trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), a persistent metabolite that is resistant to biotic and abiotic degradation owing to the presence of three chloride residues on the N-aromatic ring (Racke et al 1996;Robertson et al 1998;Singh et al 2003;. Moreover, TCP has higher water solubility as compared with the parent compound; hence, it leaches to the water bodies causing widespread contamination of aquatic environments (Vogel et al 2008;Xu et al 2008;Grzelak et al 2012;Watts 2012). CP and TCP toxicity has been linked to broad-spectrum effects including neurological disorders, developmental disorders, autoimmune disorders and interruption of many vital functions in higher animals and humans (Sogorb et al 2004;Mehta et al 2008;Alavanja & Bonner 2012;Ventura et al 2012;Estevan et al 2013).…”