“…Environmental pollutants of toxic heavy metals are present in high concentrations in the environment, such as Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, Co, Fe, Ni, and As, contaminate the water, soil, fauna, and flora (Borgheipour et al, 2020). Plankton, situated at the base of food chains, can assimilate heavy metals and organic contaminants, which subsequently undergo biomagnification, resulting in substantial concentrations at higher trophic levels (Chevrollier et al, 2022). Heavy metals have the potential to be introduced into an organism's body either by direct exposure to the abiotic environment through absorption and inhalation from water, sediments, and soil or by consumption of contaminated food or prey, which accumulate in their tissues as a result (Liu et al, 2020).…”