Bioaccumulation of gamma emitting radionuclides in red algae from the Baltic Sea under laboratory conditions

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This study, for the first time, presents the results of activity concentration determinations for 137Cs and 40K in a high number (21 species, 87 composite samples, and 807 fruiting bodies) of mushrooms of the genus Boletus from across Yunnan in 2011–2014 and Sichuan (Boletus tomentipes) using high-resolution high-purity germanium detector. Activity concentrations of 137Cs demonstrated some variability and range from <4.4 to 83 ± 3 Bq kg−1 dry biomass in caps and from <3.8 to 37 ± 3 Bq kg−1 dry biomass in stipes, and of 40K, respectively, from 420 ± 41 to 1300 ± 110 and from 520 ± 61 to 1300 ± 140 Bq kg−1 dry biomass. No significant variations were observed regarding 137Cs and 40K activity concentrations among the same Boletus species from different sampling sites. No activity concentrations from 134Cs were detected in any mushrooms. Internal dose rates estimated were from intake of 1 kg of mushrooms per annum for 137Cs range for species and regions from around <0.0031 to 0.047 ± 0.003 μSv, while those for 40K were from around 0.22 ± 0.04 to 1.2 ± 0.1 μSv. The overall intake of 137Cs was low since low contamination was found in Boletus species.

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radioactive artificial 137Cs and natural 40K activity in 21 edible mushrooms of the genus Boletus species from SW China

Falandysz

Zhang

Zalewska

2017

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“…As shown by research, the occurrence of alginates and sulphades fucans with higher affinity for cations, and the presence of physodes containing phenolic compounds, can influence the ability of macroalgae to absorb metals from the surrounding environment (Andrade et al 2002 ; Farina et al 2003 ; Salgado et al 2005 ). Research carried out in the coastal zone of the Baltic also indicated a greater ability of red and brown algae, in comparison with green algae, to bioaccumulate radionuclides, as proven by measurement of the 137 Cs and 90 Sr isotopes in their tissues (Zalewska and Saniewski 2011 ; Saniewski 2013 ). This shows how important these groups are to the circulation of pollutants in the marine environment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophyta as a vector of contemporary and historical mercury from the marine environment to the trophic web

Bełdowska

Jędruch

Słupkowska

et al. 2015

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Macrophyta are the initial link introducing toxic mercury to the trophic chain. Research was carried out at 24 stations located within the Polish coastal zone of the Southern Baltic, in the years 2006-2012. Fifteen taxa were collected, belonging to four phyla: green algae (Chlorophyta), brown algae (Phaeophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta) and flowering vascular plants (Angiospermophyta), and total mercury concentrations were ascertained. The urbanisation of the coastal zone has influenced the rise in Hg concentrations in macroalgae, and the inflow of contaminants from the river drainage area has contributed to an increase in metal concentration in vascular plants. At the outlets of rivers possessing the largest drainage areas in the Baltic (the Vistula and the Oder), no increases in mercury concentration were observed in macrophyta. Increase in environmental quality and a prolonged vegetative season results in the growing coverage of algae on the seabed and in consequence leads to rapid introduction of contemporary mercury and Hg deposited to sediments over the past decades into the trophic chain. Thriving phytobenthos was found to affect faster integration of Hg into the trophic web.

“…The same geometry of cylindrical dishes with 40 mm diameter (as applied for environmental samples) was used for reference samples during equipment calibration. The laboratory involved was subject to routine checks to ensure high standards of analytical quality and analytical control and participated successfully in the inter-comparison exercises organized by IAEA-MEL Monaco (IAEA-414, Irish and North Sea Fish) to confirm the reliability and accuracy of the method (Falandysz et al 2015a, b; Wang et al 2015; Zalewska and Saniewski 2011). Repeated analysis gave values of 137 Cs—5.06 ± 0.64 Bq kg −1 db, 4 °K—474.5 ± 19.3 Bq kg −1 db, while the estimated target value was equal to 5.18 ± 0.10 Bq kg −1 db for 137 Cs and 481 ± 16 Bq kg −1 db for 4 °K.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiocaesium in Cortinarius spp. mushrooms in the regions of the Reggio Emilia in Italy and Pomerania in Poland

Zalewska

Cocchi

Falandysz

2016

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Activity concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs have been determined in 23 species of mushrooms of the genus Cortinarius (59 individual samples) collected from the Reggio Emilia in Italy 1992–1999 and in 4 species (16 composite samples and 413 individuals) from the Pomerania region in Poland from 1996 to 2015. Across all the Cortinarius species from the Reggio Emilia, the activity concentrations were relatively high in Cortinarius alboviolaceus, Cortinarius duracinus, Cortinarius orellanus, Cortinarius rapaceus, and Cortinarius subannulatus, in which 137Cs was at 10,000 ~ 100,000 Bq kg−1 dry biomass (db) in 1994. Smaller activity concentrations were found in Cortinarius bivelus, Cortinarius bulliardii, Cortinarius cotoneus, Cortinarius largus, Cortinarius lividoviolaceus, Cortinarius purpureus, Cortinarius rufo-olivaceus, Cortinarius torvus, and Cortinarius venetus with levels at 1000 ~ 6000 Bq kg−1 db from 1992 to 1994, and further in Cortinarius anserinus, Cortinarius auroturbinatus, C. largus, Cortinarius praestans, Cortinarius purpurascens, Cortinarius scaurus, Cortinarius sebaceous, Cortinarius talus, and Cortinarius variecolor with activity concentrations at 100 ~ 600 Bq kg−1 db in 1994. All the data were calculated for dehydrated fungal material corrected back to the exact date samples of collection. The greatest activity concentrations of 137Cs both in Italy (1992–1999) and Poland (1996–2010) were found in the popular Cortinarius caperatus, confirming its very high capacity of radiocaesium accumulation. Besides 137Cs, the isotope 134Cs was detected in some species from the Reggio Emilia. An average calculated ratio of activities of 134Cs to 137Cs referenced to 1986 was equal to 0.38 in mushrooms from the Reggio Emilia, and this value slightly differ from that specific for Chernobyl fallout, which was 0.54. It was calculated that 137Cs originating from Chernobyl accident constituted about 68 % of the total activity concentration of the isotope in Reggio Emilia in 1986, while as much as 32 % of 137Cs in mushrooms were from the global fallout from nuclear bomb testing.