Bioaccumulation and ROS generation in liver of freshwater fish, goldfish Carassius auratus under HC Orange No. 1 exposure

Abstract

HC Orange No. 1 (CAS No. 54381-08-7, 2-nitro-4'-hydroxydiphenylamine) is used as a color additive in hair dyes. In this study, laboratory experiment was carried out to determine HC Orange No. 1 bioaccumulation and oxidative stress in the liver of freshwater fish, goldfish Carassius auratus. Fish were exposed to different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L) of HC Orange No. 1 for 10 days, with one group assigned as control. The accumulation of HC Orange No. 1 in liver increased with the exposure concentration (R(2) = 0.94). A secondary spin trapping technique was used followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis to study the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. On the basis of the hyperfine splitting constants and shape of the EPR spectrum, the ROS generated in fish liver after exposure was identified as hydroxyl radical (*OH). There is a good correlation between the exposure concentrations and *OH generation (R(2) = 0.92). The *OH signal intensity of the EPR spectrum showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) when the HC Orange No. 1 concentration was 1.0 mg/L, compared with that of the control. A good positive relationship (R(2) = 0.95) was found between the *OH formation and accumulation level of HC Orange No. 1 in liver. The changes of the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) were also detected. These observations indicated a possible mechanism of oxidative stress induced by HC Orange No. 1 on fish.

Responses of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and DNA Damage on a Freshwater Snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) Stressed by Ethylbenzene

“…SOD activity after the 14-day exposure was lower than those after 7 and 21 days of exposure. According to Sun et al (2007), excess O 2 -poisons SOD activity, and this may be the reason for the decrease in SOD activity after the 14-day exposure. The insignificant change in SOD activity under the 45-and 100-lg/L treatments after 14-day exposure was probably also a result of the poisonous effect of excess O 2 -.…”

Response of Eisenia Fetida to Lead in Continuous and Pulse Exposure

“…However, the activity of SOD decreased upon treatment with 80 mg Pb /kg. This phenomenon may be due to the production reactive oxygen species from Pb exposure that inactivated superoxide dismutase [13]. Compared to pulse exposure, continuous exposure caused stronger effects on activity of SOD in this study.…”

Electrochemical sensors for malachite green based on carbonaceous nanomaterials

“…The GC/Nafion electrode has the highest impedance when compared to the other electrodes, suggesting a more difficult electron transfer due to the polymeric coating that acts as a physical barrier. On the other hand, the negatively charged Nafion layer deposited on GC surface increases the bare electrode impedance by electrostatic rejection of the negative [Fe(CN) 6 ] 4− / 3− couple. As expected, when carbonaceous materials are embedded in Nafion, the impedance decreases visibly due to the enhanced conductivity of the modified surface.…”

“…To assess the activity of GC/SWCNTs/Nafion, GC/RGO/Nafion and GC/AC/Nafion modified electrodes, the [Fe(CN) 6 spectroscopy measurements. Fig.…”

“…They are widely used in many fields, such as the 146 textile industry, plastics, cosmetics, paper industry and many others [3]. Unfortunately, they are usually persistent in the environment [4] and can easily be assimilated in living organisms [5][6][7]. The dye selected for this study, Malachite Green (MG), exhibits these common characteristics being a potential threat to aquatic life because of its cytotoxic [8], biocidal [9] and bioaccumulation properties [5][6][7].…”