Bioaccumulation and Phytotoxicity and Human Health Risk from Microcystin-LR under Various Treatments: A Pot Study

Xiang, Lei; Li, Yanwen; Wang, Zhenru; Liu, Bailin; Zhao, Hai-Ming; Li, Hui; Cai, Quan-Ying; Li, Qing X.

doi:10.3390/toxins12080523

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The health risk quotient (RQ) regarding the consumption of MC-polluted crops was evaluated according to Equation (3) [ 40 ] and it represents the factor exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI): RQ = EDI/TDI where TDI indicates daily reference dose for humans (0.04 µg kg person −1 d −1 ) and cattle (0.45 µg kg −1 bw d −1 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the mechanisms underlying MCs phytotoxicity are not fully investigated as well as their persistence and bioavailability in cropland soil. Indeed, researchers have started to investigate the role of native soil microbiota in the removal of MCs to mitigate their load in the plant-soil system; and thus, attenuate their toxicity and accumulation in plant tissues, including the edible parts [ 39 , 40 ]. In this light, our previous works have highlighted the role of rhizobia in Leguminosae protection against chronic exposure to MCs [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Rhizospheric Microbiota as a Bioremediation Tool for the Protection of Soil-Plant Systems from Microcystins Phytotoxicity and Mitigating Toxin-Related Health Risk

et al. 2021

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Frequent toxic cyanoblooms in eutrophic freshwaters produce various cyanotoxins such as the monocyclic heptapeptides microcystins (MCs), known as deleterious compounds to plant growth and human health. Recently, MCs are a recurrent worldwide sanitary problem in irrigation waters and farmland soils due to their transfer and accumulation in the edible tissues of vegetable produce. In such cases, studies about the persistence and removal of MCs in soil are scarce and not fully investigated. In this study, we carried out a greenhouse trial on two crop species: faba bean (Vicia faba var. Alfia 321) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Achtar) that were grown in sterile (microorganism-free soil) and non-sterile (microorganism-rich soil) soils and subjected to MC-induced stress at 100 µg equivalent MC-LR L−1. The experimentation aimed to assess the prominent role of native rhizospheric microbiota in mitigating the phytotoxic impact of MCs on plant growth and reducing their accumulation in both soils and plant tissues. Moreover, we attempted to evaluate the health risk related to the consumption of MC-polluted plants for humans and cattle by determining the estimated daily intake (EDI) and health risk quotient (RQ) of MCs in these plants. Biodegradation was liable to be the main removal pathway of the toxin in the soil; and therefore, bulk soil (unplanted soil), as well as rhizospheric soil (planted soil), were used in this experiment to evaluate the accumulation of MCs in the presence and absence of microorganisms (sterile and non-sterile soils). The data obtained in this study showed that MCs had no significant effects on growth indicators of faba bean and common wheat plants in non-sterile soil as compared to the control group. In contrast, plants grown in sterile soil showed a significant decrease in growth parameters as compared to the control. These results suggest that MCs were highly bioavailable to the plants, resulting in severe growth impairments in the absence of native rhizospheric microbiota. Likewise, MCs were more accumulated in sterile soil and more bioconcentrated in root and shoot tissues of plants grown within when compared to non-sterile soil. Thereby, the EDI of MCs in plants grown in sterile soil was more beyond the tolerable daily intake recommended for both humans and cattle. The risk level was more pronounced in plants from the sterile soil than those from the non-sterile one. These findings suggest that microbial activity, eventually MC-biodegradation, is a crucial bioremediation tool to remove and prevent MCs from entering the agricultural food chain.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Rhizospheric Microbiota as a Bioremediation Tool for the Protection of Soil-Plant Systems from Microcystins Phytotoxicity and Mitigating Toxin-Related Health Risk

et al. 2021

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“…Another study from southern China reported high concentrations of MCLR, MCRR, and MCYR in vegetables, with almost 60% of the vegetables posing a moderate to high health risk after consumption [ 35 ]. Another study quantified MCLR in four varieties of leafy vegetables after application of cyanobacterial manure and calculated an EDI ranging from 0.18–1.32 µg/day [ 39 ]. These data illustrate the risk of human microcystins exposure at multiple trophic levels of the food web caused, in part, by bioaccumulation in fish, shellfish, and vegetables [ 8 , 34 , 35 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Section: Human Microcystin Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystin Toxicokinetics, Molecular Toxicology, and Pathophysiology in Preclinical Rodent Models and Humans

Arman

Clarke

2021

Toxins

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Microcystins are ubiquitous toxins produced by photoautotrophic cyanobacteria. Human exposures to microcystins occur through the consumption of contaminated drinking water, fish and shellfish, vegetables, and algal dietary supplements and through recreational activities. Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MCLR) is the prototypical microcystin because it is reported to be the most common and toxic variant and is the only microcystin with an established tolerable daily intake of 0.04 µg/kg. Microcystin toxicokinetics is characterized by low intestinal absorption, rapid and specific distribution to the liver, moderate metabolism to glutathione and cysteinyl conjugates, and low urinary and fecal excretion. Molecular toxicology involves covalent binding to and inhibition of protein phosphatases, oxidative stress, cell death (autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis), and cytoskeleton disruption. These molecular and cellular effects are interconnected and are commonly observed together. The main target organs for microcystin toxicity are the intestine, liver, and kidney. Preclinical data indicate microcystins may also have nervous, pulmonary, cardiac, and reproductive system toxicities. Recent evidence suggests that exposure to other hepatotoxic insults could potentiate microcystin toxicity and increase the risk for chronic diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge for microcystin toxicokinetics, molecular toxicology, and pathophysiology in preclinical rodent models and humans. More research is needed to better understand human toxicokinetics and how multifactorial exposures contribute to disease pathogenesis and progression.

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“…Furthermore, Xiang et al (2020) [ 57 ] carried out a pot study to investigate the uptake and transfer of MCs in three leafy vegetables ( Ipomoea batatas L., Brassica juncea L. and Brassica alboglabra L.). The soil-plant system was contaminated by adding pure toxin to the irrigation water (525 µg MC-LR/ L) or to the soil (150 µg MC-LR/ kg), or alternatively adding MC-producing cyano-bloom as manure (50 µg MC-LR / g).…”

Section: Plant Response Related With the Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Microcystins on Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Agricultural Plants: A Review

Campos

Redouane

Freitas

et al. 2021

Plants

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Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes that pose a great concern in the aquatic environments related to contamination and poisoning of wild life and humans. Some species of cyanobacteria produce potent toxins such as microcystins (MCs), which are extremely aggressive to several organisms, including animals and humans. In order to protect human health and prevent human exposure to this type of organisms and toxins, regulatory limits for MCs in drinking water have been established in most countries. In this regard, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed 1 µg MCs /L as the highest acceptable concentration in drinking water. However, regulatory limits were not defined in waters used in other applications/activities, constituting a potential threat to the environment and to human health. Indeed, water contaminated with MCs or other cyanotoxins is recurrently used in agriculture and for crop and food production. Several deleterious effects of MCs including a decrease in growth, tissue necrosis, inhibition of photosynthesis and metabolic changes have been reported in plants leading to the impairment of crop productivity and economic loss. Studies have also revealed significant accumulation of MCs in edible tissues and plant organs, which raise concerns related to food safety. This work aims to systematize and analyze the information generated by previous scientific studies, namely on the phytotoxicity and the impact of MCs especially on growth, photosynthesis and productivity of agricultural plants. Morphological and physiological parameters of agronomic interest are overviewed in detail in this work, with the aim to evaluate the putative impact of MCs under field conditions. Finally, concentration-dependent effects are highlighted, as these can assist in future guidelines for irrigation waters and establish regulatory limits for MCs.

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Bioaccumulation and Phytotoxicity and Human Health Risk from Microcystin-LR under Various Treatments: A Pot Study

Cited by 20 publications

References 48 publications

Role of Rhizospheric Microbiota as a Bioremediation Tool for the Protection of Soil-Plant Systems from Microcystins Phytotoxicity and Mitigating Toxin-Related Health Risk

Role of Rhizospheric Microbiota as a Bioremediation Tool for the Protection of Soil-Plant Systems from Microcystins Phytotoxicity and Mitigating Toxin-Related Health Risk

Microcystin Toxicokinetics, Molecular Toxicology, and Pathophysiology in Preclinical Rodent Models and Humans

Impacts of Microcystins on Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Agricultural Plants: A Review

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