“…In parallel with economic development, air, water, and soil pollution have increased due to excessive use of non-renewable energy and climate change (Elahi et al, 2021a;Khan et al, 2021;Elahi et al, 2022a;Elahi et al, 2022b;Tang et al, 2022). Heavy metals (HM) provide a direct and indirect threat to food safety, the ecological environment, and human health because of their characteristics of difficult degradation, mobility, easy enrichment, and potential toxicity (He et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2016;de Lima et al, 2022;Wei et al, 2022). Heavy metal accumulation in soils is significantly influenced by human activities connected to urbanization and industrialization, including industrial manufacturing, agricultural inputs, sewage irrigation, waste treatment, and vehicle exhaust (Li et al, 2008;Foucault et al, 2013;Doabi et al, 2018;Xiao et al, 2019;Hu et al, 2020).…”