Bioaccumulation and clearance of microcystins from salt water mussels, mytilus edulis, and in vivo evidence for covalently bound microcystins in mussel tissues

Rapid quantification of total microcystins in cyanobacterial samples by periodate-permanganate oxidation and reversed-phase liquid chromatography

“…These results suggest that lower amounts of permanganate are insufficient to generate MMPB from cyanobacterial samples; therefore, oxidization of cyanobacterial samples with a high dose of permanganate in the reaction solution should be considered. These findings differ from those of previous studies, which have usually been conducted using lower concentrations of permanganate [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47].…”

“…The results revealed that the yields of MMPB under neutral or alkaline conditions were higher than those under acidic conditions, with the highest concentration being produced under weak alkaline conditions (pH ∼9). These results are consistent with those of previous studies in which the pH of the solution was adjusted to approximately 9 using potassium bicarbonate to produce MMPB in oxidation reactions [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Among the five pH values evaluated, the resulting MMPB concentrations were shown to have only minor differences after 1 h, indicating that MMPB was stable under different pH conditions.…”

“…In the present study, the MCs content was determined by the method described by Fastner et al [48] using 75% methanol as the extraction solvent, which has been shown to be an efficient extraction solvent for routine analysis of a wide range of intracellular MCs. Table 2 shows an example of the MCs content in six different amounts of freeze-dried cyanobacterial samples (10,20,40,60, 80 and 100 mg) selected at random. During HPLC analysis of MCs in cyanobacterial samples, the baselines were flat and only two major peaks were detected.…”

“…This method is believed to be an accurate method for screening for total MCs because it can measure MMPB derived from the unusual C 20 amino acid, ␤-amino acid (2S, 3S, 8S, 9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2, 6, 8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4, 6-dienoic acid (Adda), which is a common constituent moiety of MCs [7]. Oxidizing toxins using the Lemieux oxidation method [33][34][35][36][37] have been widely used as a highly sensitive method for the detection of total MCs in a wide range of sample matrices, including cyanobacteria [38,39], animal tissues [40][41][42][43][44] and serum samples [45][46][47]. However, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the influence of reaction conditions on the formation of MMPB during the oxidation of MCs using permanganate-periodate.…”

Response and recovery of hybrid sturgeon from subchronic oral administration of cyanobacteria

“…According to our results, high levels of MCs could be accumulated in fish tissue both at the low level and the high level cyanobacteria diets. Williams et al (1997) and Smith et al (2006) reported that MCs concentration decreased in several organs (liver and muscle) in a time-dependent manner. During the depuration period, the MCs in liver and whole intestine of fish previously fed low level and the high level cyanobacteria diets showed a time-dependent manner.…”