“…Due to its high specificity Raman spectroscopy is a suitable and widely used method for a high number of analytical tasks [31][32][33][34][35][36]. However, the Raman-effect is a very weak scattering process.…”
“…Due to its high specificity Raman spectroscopy is a suitable and widely used method for a high number of analytical tasks [31][32][33][34][35][36]. However, the Raman-effect is a very weak scattering process.…”
Cancer diagnosis and treatment are of great interest due to the high death rate of cancer. To improve the cure rates of cancer, a diagnostic tool which can detect and treat cancer at initial stages is great needed. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is an adequate analytical technique with advantages of high sensitivity, low sample consumption, short testing time, and suitable for in situ testing. Therefore, it has become one of the most widely used spectroscopic methods for cancer in vivo diagnosis in recent years. This review mainly focuses on the applications of in vivo LIF to distinguish premalignant, malignant from normal tissues in a variety of organ systems, such as lung breast, colon, cervix, esophagus, and bronchus. The potential influence factors for cancer diagnostics and the subsequent suitability of the method to different applications are well discussed. Meanwhile, the technical merits and weaknesses of the LIF technology for cancer diagnosis are also evaluated. Furthermore, different exogenous fluorophores, endogenous fluorophores, and fluorophores synthesized in the tissue are compared on their active principle and effect contrast. The technical potentials of LIF for further development and future applications are also presented as well in this review.
“…In addition to the efforts for a better physiological understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment options for PAD patients, an effective and reliable method is needed to diagnose the disease in its early stage. Since tissue samples have many chemical constituents and their biomolecular vibrational signatures are quite complex, Raman analysis of only one or two pathology-related peaks is not expected to classify reliably the disease status [5]. The solution is to apply multivariate analysis in a specific spectral region, to extract useful information and identify variables important for classification.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this non-destructive technique, external labels are not required for identifying biochemical changes in various tissues [1][2][3][4]. Many efforts have been made to classify the Raman spectra of normal and abnormal tissues, demonstrating the correlation between diseased situation of the tissues and their chemical compositions [5][6][7].…”
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a common manifestation of atherosclerosis, characterized by lower leg ischemia and myopathy in association with leg dysfunction. In the present study, Spontaneous and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopic techniques in CH-stretching spectral region were evaluated for discriminating healthy and diseased tissues of human gastrocnemius biopsies of control and PAD patients. Since Raman signatures of the tissues in the fingerprint region are highly complex and CH containing moieties are dense, CH-stretching limited spectral range was used to classify the diseased tissues. A total of 181 Raman spectra from 9 patients and 122 CARS spectra from 12 patients were acquired. Due to the high dimensionality of the data in Raman and CARS measurements, principal component analysis (PCA) was first performed to reduce the dimensionality of the data (6 and 9 principal scores for Raman and CARS, respectively) in the CH-stretching region, followed by a discriminant function analysis (DFA) to classify the samples into different categories based on disease severity. The CH 2 and CH 3 vibrational signatures were observed in the Raman and CARS spectroscopy. Raman and CARS data in conjunction with PCA-DFA analysis were capable of differentiating healthy and PAD gastrocnemius with an accuracy of 85.6% and 78.7%, respectively.
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