Abstract:Currently, the plastics industry including polyurethanes is based on the use of petrochemicals. For this reason, scientists are looking for new types of renewable resources for the substitution of petrochemical substances. This work aims to evaluate the effect of polyethylene glycols (PEG) with different molecular mass impact on properties of bio-based polyols synthesized via biomass liquefaction of cellulose. To date, research has mostly focused on the use of different biomass sources, but the area of bio-pol… Show more
“…The third degradation step which occurs in the range from 375 to 450 °C may be connected to the degradation of soft segments which are composed of petrochemical polyol (ELAPOL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) parts of bio-based polyol 47 . The degradation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) parts of bio-based polyol was confirmed in our previous studies 31 , where thermogravimetric analysis showed a peak of intensive polyol degradation at around 375–392 °C. At temperatures above 450 °C the peak overlapping with the peak of the third degradation step can be noticed and may be due to the thermolysis of degradation products formed during previous degradation steps.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 58%
“…On the other hand, it should be noted that the difference in thermal stability between samples with the addition of different polyols is not significant. The thermal stability of bio-based polyols was determined during our previous studies 31 . Figure 4 Thermogravimetric (TG) curves of foams with addition of bio-based polyols; ( a ) P_200; ( b) P_400; ( c ) P_600.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Rigid foams were manufactured by the one-step method using two-component system (A and B). Component A was composed of the petrochemical polyol Elapol 8020, catalysts, foaming agents, surfactant, flame retardant and 0–30% addition of three bio-polyols synthesized in our previous research 31 . Bio-polyols were synthesized via biomass liquefaction of cellulose in a mixture of glycerol and PEGs with different molecular masses (PEG 200/PEG 400/PEG 600).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite interest, previous studies have failed to compare the properties of materials manufactured using bio-polyols obtained using various molecular weight PEGs. It should be emphasized that in our previous research 31 , it was indicated that polyols synthesized using PEG with molecular mass in the range from 200 to 600 g/mol have different hydroxyl values, degree of biomass conversion, molecular weight, viscosity, and thermal stability. Each of these parameters may have a huge impact on the structure and final properties of designed materials.…”
The increasing interest in polyurethane materials has raised the question of the environmental impact of these materials. For this reason, the scientists aim to find an extremely difficult balance between new material technologies and sustainable development. This work attempts to validate the possibility of replacing petrochemical polyols with previously synthesized bio-polyols and their impact on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR). To date, biobased polyols were frequently used in the manufacturing of PU, but application of bio-polyols synthesized via solvothermal liquefaction using different chains of polyethylene glycol has not been comprehensively discussed. In this work, ten sets of rigid polyurethane foams were synthesized. The influence of bio-polyols addition on foam properties was investigated by mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimetry. The structure was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a gas pycnometer. The tests revealed a significant extension of foam growth time, which can be explained by possible steric hindrances and the presence of less reactive secondary hydroxyl groups. Moreover, an increase average size of pores and aspect ratio was noticed. This can be interpreted by the modification of the cell growth process by the introduction of a less reactive bio-polyol with different viscosity. The analysis of foams mechanical properties showed that the normalized compressive strength increased up to 40% due to incorporation of more cross-linked structures. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the addition of bio-based polyols increased temperature of 2% (T2%) and 5% (T5%) mass degradation. On the other hand, evaluation of flammability of manufactured foams showed increase of total heat release (HRR) and smoke release (TSR) what may be caused by reduction of char layer stability. These findings add substantially to our understanding of the incorporation of bio-polyols into industrial polyurethane systems and suggest the necessity of conducting further research on these materials.
“…The third degradation step which occurs in the range from 375 to 450 °C may be connected to the degradation of soft segments which are composed of petrochemical polyol (ELAPOL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) parts of bio-based polyol 47 . The degradation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) parts of bio-based polyol was confirmed in our previous studies 31 , where thermogravimetric analysis showed a peak of intensive polyol degradation at around 375–392 °C. At temperatures above 450 °C the peak overlapping with the peak of the third degradation step can be noticed and may be due to the thermolysis of degradation products formed during previous degradation steps.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 58%
“…On the other hand, it should be noted that the difference in thermal stability between samples with the addition of different polyols is not significant. The thermal stability of bio-based polyols was determined during our previous studies 31 . Figure 4 Thermogravimetric (TG) curves of foams with addition of bio-based polyols; ( a ) P_200; ( b) P_400; ( c ) P_600.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Rigid foams were manufactured by the one-step method using two-component system (A and B). Component A was composed of the petrochemical polyol Elapol 8020, catalysts, foaming agents, surfactant, flame retardant and 0–30% addition of three bio-polyols synthesized in our previous research 31 . Bio-polyols were synthesized via biomass liquefaction of cellulose in a mixture of glycerol and PEGs with different molecular masses (PEG 200/PEG 400/PEG 600).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite interest, previous studies have failed to compare the properties of materials manufactured using bio-polyols obtained using various molecular weight PEGs. It should be emphasized that in our previous research 31 , it was indicated that polyols synthesized using PEG with molecular mass in the range from 200 to 600 g/mol have different hydroxyl values, degree of biomass conversion, molecular weight, viscosity, and thermal stability. Each of these parameters may have a huge impact on the structure and final properties of designed materials.…”
The increasing interest in polyurethane materials has raised the question of the environmental impact of these materials. For this reason, the scientists aim to find an extremely difficult balance between new material technologies and sustainable development. This work attempts to validate the possibility of replacing petrochemical polyols with previously synthesized bio-polyols and their impact on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR). To date, biobased polyols were frequently used in the manufacturing of PU, but application of bio-polyols synthesized via solvothermal liquefaction using different chains of polyethylene glycol has not been comprehensively discussed. In this work, ten sets of rigid polyurethane foams were synthesized. The influence of bio-polyols addition on foam properties was investigated by mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimetry. The structure was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a gas pycnometer. The tests revealed a significant extension of foam growth time, which can be explained by possible steric hindrances and the presence of less reactive secondary hydroxyl groups. Moreover, an increase average size of pores and aspect ratio was noticed. This can be interpreted by the modification of the cell growth process by the introduction of a less reactive bio-polyol with different viscosity. The analysis of foams mechanical properties showed that the normalized compressive strength increased up to 40% due to incorporation of more cross-linked structures. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the addition of bio-based polyols increased temperature of 2% (T2%) and 5% (T5%) mass degradation. On the other hand, evaluation of flammability of manufactured foams showed increase of total heat release (HRR) and smoke release (TSR) what may be caused by reduction of char layer stability. These findings add substantially to our understanding of the incorporation of bio-polyols into industrial polyurethane systems and suggest the necessity of conducting further research on these materials.
“…On the other hand, the ratios of liquid solvent to solid biomass are usually relatively high in order to result in a complete conversion of the wood waste. As an example, Olszeweski et al, 2023, displayed that it was possible to achieve the liquefaction of a cellulose sawdust waste with a yield of approximately 95%, but the ratio of solid to liquid had to be increased to 1:10 [ 27 ].…”
In this work, biobased rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs) were developed with the aim of achieving thermal and fireproofing properties that can compete with those of the commercially available products. First, the synthesis of a biopolyol from a wood residue by means of a scaled-up process with suitable yield and reaction conditions was carried out. This biopolyol was able to substitute completely the synthetic polyols that are typically employed within a polyurethane formulation. Different formulations were developed to assess the effect of two flame retardants, namely, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and amino polyphosphate (APP), in terms of their thermal properties and degradation and their fireproofing mechanism. The structure and the thermal degradation of the different formulations was evaluated via Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Likewise, the performance of the different PUF formulations was studied and compared to that of an industrial PUF. From these results, it can be highlighted that the addition of the flame retardants into the formulation showed an improvement in the results of the UL-94 vertical burning test and the LOI. Moreover, the fireproofing performance of the biobased formulations was comparable to that of the industrial one. In addition to that, it can be remarked that the biobased formulations displayed an excellent performance as thermal insulators (0.02371–0.02149 W·m−1·K−1), which was even slightly higher than that of the industrial one.
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