Bio-oil production by pyrolysis of hibiscus cannabinus (Deccan Hemp) and pongamia pinnata (Karanja) seed cake and its characterization

Abstract

Global economic development has a direct link to energy usage. The growth in energy usage implies a rise in gross domestic product (GDP). Crude oil will account for 31.23 percent of global energy consumption in 2020, compared to 6.83 percent for hydroelectricity, 4.30 percent for nuclear, 27.18 percent for coal, and 24.70 percent for natural gas. Crude oil prices climbed sharply and fluctuated in an unpredictable manner, causing the rate of economic growth to fluctuate. In a typical scenario, oil reserves will disappear over the next 40-50 years [1]. In any case, renewable energy is making strenuous efforts to replace fossil fuels and close the energy deficit.